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Ubc  'Clniversiti?  of  Cbtcaao 

FOUNDliD    BY   JOHN    D.  ROCKEFELLER 


THE  PARTICIPLE  IN  PLAUTUS, 

PETRONIUS,  AND 

APULEIUS 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED    TO   THE    GRADUATE   SCHOOL   OF    ARTS    AND    LITERATURE 

IN    CANDIDACY    FOR    THE     DEGREE    OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


(department  of  latin) 


>H: 


(TJ'-I^.^ 


THOMAS  K.  SIDEY 


CHICAGO 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 

1909 


Zbc  XHniversit^?  of  Cbicaao 

FOUNDED   BY  JOHN   D.  ROCKEFELLER 


THE  PARTICIPLE  IN  PLAUTUS, 

PETRONIUS,  AND 

APULEIUS 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED    TO   THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL   OF    ARTS    AND    LITERATURE 

IN    CANDIDACY    FOR     THE     DEGREE    OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

(department  of  latin) 


BY 

THOMAS  K.  SIDEY 


CHICAGO 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 

1909 


1 


(p^^ 


5.'^^ 


Copyright  1909  By 
The  University  of  Chicago 


Published  October  1909 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press 

Chicago,  Illinois,  U.  S.  A. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 


IV.     Ablative  Absolute 


:lil 


PAGE 


Introduction v 

I.    Perfect  Participle  Passive  - r 

II.    The  Present  Participle       -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -21 

III.    Future  Active  Participle 32 


39 


V.    Gerltnd  and  Gerundfvt:        ........      ^4 

Index 69 


INTRODUCTION 

When  this  study  of  the  part,  was  begun  it  was  the  purpose  of  the  author 
to  determine  what  part  this  many-featured  verbal  adjective  played  in  the 
sermo-plebeius  presented  in  these  three  authors  of  widely  separated  periods. 
But  the  subject  soon  assumed  a  wider  scope  and  became  an  investigation 
into  the  development  of  the  use  of  the  part,  in  general.  The  three  authors 
were  chosen  in  the  first  place  because  of  the  material  in  each  for  the  study  of 
the  speech  of  the  common  people,  but  they  were  retained  afterward  because 
they  were  seen  to  represent  three  stages  in  the  development  of  the  language 
and  of  the  use  of  the  part,  especially.  The  fact  that  in  Plaut.  the  parts,  con- 
stitute only  one-half  of  i  per  cent,  of  the  total  vocabulary,  while  in  Petron. 
the  proportion  has  risen  lo  4  per  cent,  and  in  Apul.  to  6  per  cent.,  would  of 
itself  indicate  that  in  the  increase  of  freedom  and  copiousness  of  expression 
which  the  language  underwent  the  part,  was  an  important  factor.  In 
fact  it  may  be  doubted  whether  the  rhetorical  richness  of  the  later  writers 
as  contrasted  with  the  plainer  and  more  restrained  language  of  their  early 
predecessors  is  due  to  any  one  factor  more  than  the  developed  freedom  of 
the  part.  To  be  sure,  we  cannot  overlook  the  fact  that  the  language  of 
comedy  must  be  different  in  general  composition  from  that  of  rhetorical 
prose,  but  the  difference  is  not  so  great  as  to  account  for  the  remarkable 
increase  in  the  use  of  the  part.  Even  in  Virgil's  Eclogues  the  parts,  consti- 
tute 3  per  cent,  of  the  vocabulary,  and  in  the  Aeneid  the  number  is  much 
greater. 

In  Plaut.  we  see  the  language  with  all  the  essential  features  of  form  and 
syntax  developed  but  not  elaborated.  In  Petron.  we  have  a  remarkable 
combination  of  rhetorical  flourishes  and  the  homely  language  of  the  middle 
class.  In  Apul.  we  reach  a  stage  of  extravagant  adornment  which  is  mainly 
interesting  as  illustrating  the  possibilities  of  the  language  for  richness  of 
expression  and  rhetorical  freedom  in  sharp  contrast  to  the  simplicity  of 
earlier  days. 


CHAPTER  I 

PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE 

The  perf.  part,  passive  is  the  commonest  in  usage  and  the  most  char- 
acteristic of  the  Latin  parts.  In  the  original  Indo-Germanic  language, 
however,  it  was  not  a  part,  at  all.  Brugmann^  classifies  the  original  parts, 
as  follows: 

1.  Active  form  with  suffix  -ent,  -nt,  e.  g.,  Lat.  jerens,  Gk.  Tr€/A</'as. 

2.  Middle  passive  form  with  suffix  -meno,  e.  g.,  Gk.  SeSojuitVo-?. 

3.  Active  form  of  perf.  with  suffix  -ues,  -us,  e.  g.,  Gk.  XeAoiTroi?. 
Besides  these  parts,  there  were  certain  classes  of  verbal  adjecs.,  which, 

though  not  possessing  full  verb  functions,  yet  stood  so  near  the  verb  that 
they  could  easily  take  on  full  participial  functions.  Thus  from  early 
Indo-Germanic  times  there  were  (i)  the  primary  adjecs.  formed  with  -I0-, 
and  (2)  those  formed  with  the  suffix  -to-  as  /cAktos,  Lat.  -inclutus  (he  of 
whom  one  hears — celebrated).  Brugmann  goes  on  to  show  how  these 
verbal  adjecs.  already  in  the  Italic  became  parts,  and  by  their  union  with 
the  verb  sum  insinuated  themselves  into  the  finite  verb. 

In  its  fully  developed  usage  the  perf.  part.  pass,  marks  an  action  as  past 
but  not  necessarily  past  with  reference  to  the  main  verb.  Its  use  may 
simply  indicate  that  the  action  is  past  when  the  account  is  written.  In 
the  latter  case  the  part,  may  represent  (a)  a  dependent  clause  with  the 
main  verb  in  a  past  tense  (perf.  or  pluperf.),  e.  g.,  Caes.  B.  G.,  7.  47.  i, 
"consecutus  id  quod  animo  proposuerat,  receptui  cani  iussit;"  Cic.  T.  D. 
3.  27,  "Dionysius  Syracusis  expulsus  Corinthi  pueros  docebat;"  (6)  an 
action  absolutely  past,  but  not  defined  as  to  the  main  verb,  that  is,  an 
aorist  part.,^  e.  g.,  Ter.  H.  T.  118,  "clam  me  profectus  menses  tres  abest]" 
(c)  an  action  absolutely  past,  but  of  the  same  time  as  the  main  verb,3  e.  g., 
Liv.  2.  36.  I,  "serum  caesum  medio  egerat  circo."  Sometimes  a  fourth 
use  {d)  is  found  in  the  late  writers,  where  the  action  of  the  part,  represents 

'  Karl  Brugmann,  Indogerman.  Forschung.,  V,  Part  I,  p.  89:  "Die  mit  dem 
Suflax  -to  gebildeten  Partizipia  im  Verbal  System  des  Lateinischen  und  des  Umbrisch- 
Oskischen."     Cf.  Schmalz  in  Miiller's  Handbuch,  II,  p.  381  (5). 

2  See  Brugmann,  op.  cit.,  p.  97  (6). 

3  Brugmann,  p.  100  (7):  Drager,  H.  S.  II,  2,  776,  and  Schmalz  in  Miiller's 
Handbuch,  II,  state  that  this  use  is  not  found  in  early  Latin.  But  Tammelin  gives 
examples  from  Plaut.  and  Ter.  pp.  37,  46;  cf.  Lane's  Lat.  Gram.,  2280;  Kiihner,  II, 
p.  567  (6). 


2  THE   PARTICIPLE    IN    PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

some  act  following  that  of  the  main  verb,  e.  g.,  Tac.  Hist.  4.  34,  "ex  quibus 
unus,  egregium  facinus  ausus,  clara  voce  gesta  patefecit,  confossus  ilico 
a  Germanis." 

The  perf.  pass.  part,  was  originally  active  as  well  as  passive.  Brug- 
mann^  shows  how  the  verbal  adjec.  in  -to-  was  equivalent  at  times  to  the 
medial-pass.  perf.  part,  and  again  to  the  act.  perf.  part,  formed  with  the 
sufl&x  -ues,  -us.  Thus  cinctus  in  Plant.  Cure.  220,  "nam  iam  quasi  zona 
liene  cinctus  ambulo,"  corresponds  to  the  Gk.  middle  part.,  SeSo/ieVos. 
Furthermore,  some  perf.  pass,  parts,  have  active  force,  e.  g.,  cenatus,  one 
who  has  dined,  iuratus,  having  sworn,  poius,  drunk,  and  the  perf.  part,  of 
deponents,  which  are  only  occasionally  pass. 

PLAUTUS 

The  classification  of  the  parts,  which  follows  will  be  in  the  main  that 
made  by  Tammelin  in  his  work  on  the  parts,  in  Plant,  and  Ter.^  The 
same  classification  will  be  used  as  far  as  possible  for  Petron.  and  Apul. 
so  that  the  comparison  of  the  three  authors  may  be  made  clear  at  each 
stage  of  the  investigation. 

In  Plant,  we  find  the  part,  with  almost  all  its  uses  already  developed 
but  not  playing  the  important  part  in  the  general  vocabulary  that  it  does 
in  later  authors.  The  development  to  be  noted  therefore  is  one  of  amount 
rather  than  of  forces  acquired  or  lost. 

I.     Participles  with  True  Participial  Force 

QUALIFYING   THE   SUBJECT 

A.     Passive  idea 

I.  According  to  the  significance  of  the  word,  (a)  Mil.  899,  "lepida 
hercle  omata  incedit;"  Aid.  721,  "male  perditus  pessume  omatus  eo." 
Ornatus  is  the  commonest  part,  used  in  this  way  and  occurs  in  ten  or  twelve 
other  places.  Examples  of  other  words  are,  Ps.  1275,  "sic  amictusincessi;" 
Men.  511,  "Non  ego  te  indutum  foras  exire  vidi  pallam;"  Cure.  220, 
"cinctus  ambulo;"  Cas.  720,  "candide  vestitus  exornatusque  ambulat;" 
Cas.  689,  "lepide  excuratus  incessisti."  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  verb 
from  which  these  parts,  come  is  transitive  and  that  the  part,  has  the 
pass,  sense. 

(6)  Other  parts,  used  with  the  subject  but  without  notion  of  external 
state  are:  Epid.  691,  "ego  solutus  adsto;"  Capt.  330,  "filius  mens  apud 
vos  servit  captus;"  Ps.  9,  "Quid  est,  quod  tu  exanimatus  gestes;"  Rud.  73, 
"Nunc  ambo  leno  atque  hospes  in  saxo  sedent  eiecti." 

•  Pp.  94,  95.  2  E.  J.  Tammelin,  De  Parlicipiis  Priscae  Latinitatis. 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  3 

(c)  The  state  of  mind  is  sometimes  expressed  by  the  part.,  but  not  as 
frequently  in  Plaut.  as  in  later  writers.  This  is  a  development  to  be  expected 
since  many  words  at  first  used  only  of  physical  conditions  afterward  acquire 
a  metaphorical  force  and  are  used  of  mental  and  moral  states:  As.  875, 
"is  etiam  corruptus  porro  suom  conrumpit  filium;"  Bac.  603,  "SufHatus 
ille  hue  veniet;"  As.  822,  "Ne  ilia  existumet  amoris  causa  percitum  id 
fecisse  te;"  Poen.  216,  "Atque  haec  ut  loquor,  nunc  domo  docta  dico." 

2.  According  to  syntactical  relationship,  (a)  Causal  force,  Trin.  658, 
"ita  vi  Veneris  vinctus,  otio  captus,  in  fraudem  incidi;"  Cist.  202,  "ut 
vobis  victi  Poeni  poenis  sufferant;"  Mil.  457,  "at  ego  abeo  missa."  It 
is  very  seldom  that  a  purely  temporal  force  is  found  in  the  part.,  the  adversa- 
tive or  causal  idea  being  more  or  less  prominent. 

(b)  Appositive  and  predicate  force,  Amph.  1053,  "spes  atque  opes 
vitae  meae  iacent  sepultae  in  pectore;"  Cure.  572,  "leno  minitatur  mihi 
meaeque  pugnae  proeliares  plurumae  optritae  iacent." 

(c)  Adverbial  force.  Most.  441,  "Expectatus  veniam  familiaribus;" 
Ps.  955,  "Transvorsus  non  provorsus  cedit." 

B.     Active  Idea 

1.  Meaning  of  the  word,   (a)  and  (b)  do  not  occur. 

(c)  Of  the  parts,  which  express  condition  of  mind  the  commonest  is 
iratus.  It  expresses  also  the  condition  or  nature  of  the  action  and  in 
many  cases  is  nearly  equivalent  to  an  adjec.  Pers.  666,  "Di  deaeque  te 
agitant  irati;"  Poen.  445,  "illic  hinc  iratus  abiit;"  Cure.  533,  "Non  ego 
nunc  mediocri  incedo  iratus  iracundia."  So  also  Aul.  377;  Men.  779,  810; 
Poen.  141 1.  Fretus  similarly  is  equivalent  to  an  adjec.  and  seldom  refers 
to  a  past  action:  Cas.  349,  "sed  tamen  vidi  ego  dis  fretos  saepe  multos 
decipi;"  Men.  767,  "ita  istaec  solent,  quae  viros  subservire  sibi  postulant 
dote  fretae."     So  in  Capt.  349;  Amph.  212;    Ps.  581;  As.  547;  Aul.  586. 

2.  Syntactical  relationship. 

(a)  Adversative  force,  Merc.  938,  "percontatus  non  inveni."  But  more 
frequently  they  express  state  or  condition:  Trin.  494,  "aequo  mendicus 
atque  ille  opulentissimus  censetur  censu  ad  Acheruntem  mortuos;"  Ps. 
792,  "nam  ego  si  iuratus  peiorem  hominem  quaererem." 

(6)  Expressing  past  action.  These  generally  express  a  condition  arising 
from  completed  action.  Sometimes  they  even  correspond  to  a  hypotactic 
sentence:  Capt.  145,  "Ego  postquam  gnatus  tuos  potitust  hostium  expertus 
quanti  fuerit  nunc  desidero;"  True.  815,  "idem  istuc  ipsa,  etsi  tu  taceas, 
reapse  experta  intellego." 

(c)  Past  action  approaching  notion  of  the  present.  Some  of  these  are 
already  given  under  A,  i  (c) — those  denoting  condition  of  mind.     Others 


4  THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

denote  the  condition  or  manner  of  the  principal  verb.  The  idea  of  past 
action  has  become  so  weakened  that  they  can  scarcely  be  distinguished 
from  the  present  parts.:  Rud.  560,  "duae  mulierculae  hie  in  fano  Veneris 
signum  flentes  amplexae  tenent."  Other  examples  are  found  in  Rud.  695, 
1203;    Poen.  698;  Am  ph.  290,  132. 

IN   OBLIQUE   CASES 

A.  Passive  Idea 

These  are  found  only  in  the  accusative  case  and  most  of  them  in  the 
singular. 

(a)  External  state:  Capt.  944,  "in  lapicidinas  conpeditum  condidi;" 
True.  771,  "Calliclem  video  senem  ancillas  duas  constrictas  ducere;" 
As.  342,  "atque  idem  te  hinc  vexerunt  vinctum  rus."  Other  examples 
are  found  in  Bac.  747;  Ps.  630;  Mil.  791;  Pers.  158;  Rud.  730;  Men. 
467;   Mil.  935;   Bac.  984. 

(6)  Without  notion  of  external  state:  Epid.  692,  "At  mihi  magis  lubet 
solutum  te  rogitare;"  Capt.  364,  "Nam  ego  te  dedi  aestumatum  huic 
viginti  minis." 

B.  Active  Idea 

These  parts,  are  often  almost  purely  adjecs.  The  case  found  most 
frequently  is  the  dat.  sing.  Amph.  437,  "Nam  inurato  scio  plus  credet 
mihi  quam  iurato  tibi;"  Amph.  459,  "vivo  fit,  quod  numquam  quisquam 
mortuo  faciet  mihi."  Here  mortuo  is  opposed  to  vivo  and  has  the  force 
of  an  adjec.     So  also  in  Most.  427;  Capt.  684;  Poen.  840;  Merc.  289. 

Iratus  also  is  generally  equal  to  a  simple  adjec:  Poen.  1288,  "sed 
mea  amica  nunc  mihi  irato  obviam  veniat  velim;"  As.  404,  "quique 
obviam  huic  incesserit  irato;"  superlative  degree  in  Poen.  452,  "Nam 
ego  hodie  infelix  deis  meis  iratissimis  immolavi." 

Natus,  Epid.  635,  "Video  ego  Telistidem  te,  Periphonei  filiam,  e 
Philippa  matre  natam  Thebis,  Epidauri  satam?" 

II.     Used  as  an  Adjective 

Many  parts,  are  used  as  adjecs.  at  all  periods  of  the  language,  e.  g., 
doctus,  eductus,  mortuus,  perditus,  adultus,  meritus,  transvorsus. 

In  Plant,  the  sing,  number  is  commonest  and  the  accus.  case.  A  few 
other  cases  may  be  cited. 

Accus.  plur.,  Men.  862,  "Nunc  equos  iunctos  iubes  capere  me  indomitos 
ferocis;"  Men.  452,  "quae  homines  occupatos  occupat." 

With  pro,  Bac.  420,  "pro  tam  corrupto  filio." 

Gen.,  Men.  27c,  "ego  autem  homo  iracundus,  animi  perditi." 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  5 

With  ex,  Epid.  308,  "ex  occluso  atque  obsignato  armario." 
Dat.,  Bac.  924,  "Aequomst  tabellis  consignatis  credere." 

III.     Used  as  a  Substantive 

Brugmann  (p.  140)  says  that  the  neuter  of  the  verbal  adjec.  in  -to-  was 
used  as  a  verbal  substantive  from  Indo-Germanic  times.  He  classifies  the 
uses  in  two  categories:  (i)  the  adjec.  was  used  to  express  an  event  or 
condition,  e.  g.,  commentwn,  invention,  ausum,  venture,  iussum,  censum, 
responsum;  (2)  it  was  used  for  the  expression  of  something  connected  in 
some  way  with  the  act  as  subject  or  predicate:  e.  g.,  Gk.  <\iVT6v,  a  plant, 
iroTov,  a  drink,  Lat.  tectum,  a  roof,  punctum,  a  point,  sertum,  a  wreath. 

Those  commonly  used  by  all  writers  are  dicta,  data,  facta,  audita,  coepta, 
incepta,  optata,  mandata,  porta,  promissa,  errata,  commenta,  nota,  rapta. 
Plant,  also  has.  Aid.  260,  "pactum  non  pactumst;"  Trin.  164,  "celata 
omnia;"  Poen.  1271,  "cupitum."  Tammelin  adds  a  number  of  examples 
from  Plant,  which  he  thinks  are  characteristic  of  colloquial  speech,  e.  g., 
Men.  979,  "edo  lubentius  molitum  quam  molitum  praehibeo;"  Poen. 
325,  "mulsa  loquitur;"  Aid.  430,  "quid  tu,  malum,  curas  utrum  crudum 
an  coctum  edim." 

The  abl.  with  prepositions  is  common,  and  the  part,  in  the  abl.  does 
not  seem  to  differ  in  any  way  from  a  noun.  Common  expressions  are 
"de  audito,"   "pro  auditis,"   "de  compacto." 

Part,  used  of  persons:  Most.  1000,  "vidi  efferri  mortuom;"  Rud. 
621,  "facite  hie  lege  potius  liceat  quam  vi  victo  vivere;"  Poen.  880,  "quia 
doctum  doces;"  Ps.  133,  "male  habiti  et  male  conciliati;"  Poen.  506, 
"ego  hos  duco  advocatos." 

IV.     Used  Predicatively 

With  verbs  of  wishing. — The  perf.  infin.  was  sometimes  used  in  early 
Latin  for  the  pres.,  but  the  use  became  more  frequent  in  the  later  speech. 
Poen.  872,  "nolito  edepol  devellisse." 

Tammelin  (p.  78)  maintains  that  the  use  of  the  simple  part,  after  verbs 
of  wishing  was  earlier  than  the  use  of  the  infin.  It  is  clear,  he  says,  that 
the  part,  was  better  adapted  to  poetic  usage  and  to  colloquial  speech, 
both  because  of  the  brevity  of  the  expression  and  the  more  animated  style. 
The  perf.  infin.  came  to  be  used  when  the  writer  desired  to  express  not  so 
much  the  completion  of  the  act  as  the  continuous  situation.  Both  con- 
structions are  used  indiscriminately  by  Plant,  and  later  writers. 

In  Plant,  the  most  frequent  of  the  verbs  of  wishing  is  volo.  As.  37, 
"neque  hercle  ego  istuc  dico  nee  dictum  volo."     Other  examples  are  As. 


6  THE   PARTICIPLE    IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

685;  dipt.  425;  Bac.  495;  Pers.  311;  Aul.  146;  Most.  816;  Trwc.  700; 
Pers.  370. 

There  are  comparatively  few  (T.  says  only  6)  cases  where  esse  of  the 
infin.  is  found.  Poen.  1119,  "qui  illam  conventam  esse  vult;"  Stick.  127, 
"quodque  esse  ambas  conventas  volo." 

Nolo:  The  perf.  part,  is  used  only  once,  and  then  with  esse.  Amph. 
890,  "atque  adiuret  insuper  nolle  esse  dicta  quae  in  me  insontem  protulit." 

Malo:  Epid.  119,  "malim  istiusmodi  mihi  amicos  fumo  mersos,  quam 
foro;"   Aul.  661,  "Mortuom  ego  me  mavelim  leto  malo." 

Cupio:  Epid.  644,  "di  me  ex  perdita  servatam  cupiunt;"  True.  877, 
"factum  cupio;"   Cure.  304,  "qui  te  conventum  cupit." 

With  '^oportet." — As  in  the  case  of  verbs  of  wishing,  so  with  oportet 
the  perf.  part.  act.  and  pass,  is  often  used  for  the  pres.  The  infin.  esse 
again,  is  generally  omitted.  As  regards  the  difference  in  meaning  between 
hoc  jacium  volo  and  hoc  factum  oportuit,  the  former  expresses  a  wish  directed 
to  the  fulfilment  of  a  thing,  the  latter  represents  a  thing  which  ought  to 
be  done  now  and  completed  but  is  not,  however,  done.  Ziemer'  in  his 
discussion  of  the  perf.  infin.  with  oportet,  decet,  convenit,  aequiim  est  comes 
to  the  conclusion  that  we  here  find  simply  a  case  of  attraction,  e.  g.,  Mil. 
730,  "Itidem  divos  dispertisse  vitam  humanam  aequom  fuit."  Here 
the  dependent  infin.  is  in  the  perf.  and  there  has  been  an  adjustment  of 
two  ideas:  The  gods  should  divide  but  they  have  not  divided  and  so  the  non- 
fulfilment  idea  has  been  strong  enough  to  take  the  perf.  tense.  Others, 
including  Zumpt,  explain  this  perf.  as  aoristic.  Wickham  would  explain 
Hor.  Od.  3.  4.  51,  "tendentes  imposuisse"  as  a  true  perf.  "to  have  it  placed 
and  stay  there."  None  of  these  explanations  seems  to  satisfy  every  case 
and  it  would  appear  to  be  more  satisfactory  to  consider  the  perf.  as  a 
shift  of  tense  common  to  colloquial  speech.  Sittl^  in  discussing  the  nature 
of  the  African  Latin  shows  how  the  pluperf.  subjunc.  was  frequently  used 
in  place  of  the  imperf.  subjunc.  even  in  classical  times.  Roth^  carries  the 
subject  down  into  the  Romance  languages  and  endeavors  to  account  for 
some  compound  tenses  of  the  French  from  this  confusion  of  tenses. 

•  Ziemer,  J unggrammatische  Streifziige,  p.  76,  on  "Tempus-Ausgleichung."  The 
use  of  the  perf.  infin.  pass,  with  volo,  nolo,  without  esse  is  common  in  all  periods.  He 
gives  the  figures:    Plaut.  5,  Ter.  4,  Cic.  26,  Li  v.  5.     Cupio  sometimes  occurs  also. 

2  Sittl,  Die  lokalen  Verschiedenheiten  der  lateinischen  Sprache  viit  beso7ideren 
Beriicksichtigung  des  afrikanischen  Luteins,  p.  132. 

3  Roth,  Die  Verschiebung  lateinischer  Tempora  in  den  romanischen  Sprachen," 
Romanische  Stiidien,  II,  and  footnote  p.  271;  cf.  also  Ronsch,  Ital.  u.  Vulg.,  p.  431 
for  examples  of  the  perf.  infin.  with  debiii. 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  7 

Stick.  130,  "Nam  aut  olim,  nisi  tibi  placebant,  non  datas  oportuit." 
Our  English  "ought  to  have  been  given"  is  a  literal  translation  of  this  but 
is  contrary  to  the  classical  idiom  "dari  oportuit."  I  can  see  no  difference 
in  force  here  between  dari  and  datas.  So  also  Merc.  724,  "dictum  oportuit;" 
Mil.  1336,  "aurem  admotam  oportuit."  With  esse  are:  Trin.  1092, 
"res  quom  animam  agebat,  turn  esse  offusam  oportuit;"  Most.  1093;  Bac. 
819;  Rud.  1146;  also  Amph.  318,  "Exossatum  os  esse  oportet." 

With  causative  verbs. — Tammelin  considers  that  in  the  sentence  "hoc 
factum  reddam"  the  force  is  consecutive  rather  than  final.  That  is,  we 
should  not  expand  the  sentence  thus:  "reddam  eo  consilio  ut  sit  factum," 
but  thus:  "reddam  ita  ut  hoc  facta  sit." 

The  three  causative  verbs  used  most  frequently  in  this  construction  are 
facio,  red  do,  a,nd  do. 

With  jacio:  Rud.  800,  "ego  te  hodie  faxo  recte  acceptum,  ut  dignus  es;" 
Epid.  86,  "neque  ego  nunc  quomodo  me  expeditum  ex  impedito  faciam 
consilium  placet."  In  this  case  the  part,  has  become  almost  an  adjec. 
Merc.  1000,  "Missas  iam  ego  istas  artis  feci."  Here  the  expression  missas 
feci  is  an  equivalent  of  the  simple  misi. 

With  reddo:  Bac.  767,  "tam  frictum  ego  ilium  reddam  quam  frictumst 
cicer;"  Bac.  1150,  "lepide  ut  lenitum  reddas;"  Ps.  530,  "effectum  hoc 
hodie  reddam  utrumque  ad  vesperum;"  As.  121;  Ps.  385,  1309;  Mil. 
1214;  Capt.  345;  Trin.  819. 

With  do:  Pers.  457,  "nunc  ego  lenonem  ita  hodie  intricatum  dabo;" 
Mil.  1174,  "satin  est,  si  tibi  meura  opus  ita  dabo  expolitum  ut  improbare 
non  queas;"  Mil  1214;  Ps.  926,  881. 

With  habeo,  teneo,  etc. — Cas.  189,  "vir  me  habet  pessumis  despicatam 
modis."  In  this  sentence  the  meaning  of  the  finite  verb  seems  to  pre- 
dominate. The  part,  is  a  necessary  addition  to  the  finite  verb,  but  is  used 
in  such  a  way  that  it  is  not  of  equal  weight,  and  simply  describes  the  present 
situation.  But  in  Poen.  541,  "equidem  haec  vobis  dixi  per  iocum.  Per 
iocum  itidem  dicta  habeto  quae  nos  tibi  respondimus"  the  words  dicta 
habeto  =  dicta  sunto  and  the  force  of  the  part,  predominates.  Habeo  is 
used  with  two  dift'erent  forces:  (i)  with  that  of  holding,  or  possessing, 
e.g.,  Epid.  529,  "multiplex  aerumna  exercitam  me  habet;"  Men.  579, 
"sollicitos  patronos  habent."  (2)  with  a  force  so  weakened  that  it  can 
frequently  be  omitted,  e.g.,  Trin.  347,  "multa  bona  parta  haberaus," 
Mil.  886;    Trin.  500;  Ps.  602. 

Other  verbs  so  used  are  teneo,  Poen.  720;  attineo,  Bac.  180;  True. 
837;  gero,  Amph.  341;  Rud.  1144;  gestio.  Mil.  7. 

With  opus  est. — (a)   Impersonal  use  of  part.:    Bac.   398,  "obvigilato 


8  THE   PARTICIPLE    IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

opust,"  Merc.  330,  "visost  opus;"  Bac.  219.  The  adverb  is  added  in 
Bac.  604,  "celeriter  factost  opus;"   Most.  902,  "eo  magis  cauto  opust." 

{h)  Pron.  in  nom.  sing,  added  to  the  part.:  Stick.  61,  "qui  minus 
meministis,  quos  opus  sit  facto,  facere  in  aedibus;"  Merc.  565,  "quod 
opust  facto,  facito  ut  cogites;"   Trin.  584,  807. 

(c)  Both  part,  and  substantive  in  abl. :  Cas.  502,  "nam  mihi  vicino  hoc 
etiam  convento  est  opus;"    Cure.  302;    Trin.  887;    Amph.  1038;     Pers. 

584. 

(d)  Plur.  num.  in  Ps.  732,  "sed  quinque  inventis  opus  est  argenti 
minis  mutuis;"    Mil.  914;    True.  523;    Afen.  955. 

With  ^'usus  est." — (a)  Used  alone — only  one  example:  Triti.  503, 
"eheu,  ubi  dicto  nil  erat  usus  'spondeo'  dicebat." 

(6)  Used  with  pron.  in  nom.:  Men.  753,  "ut  aetas  meast  atque  ut  hoc 
usus  factost;"  Amph.  ^oy,  Rud.  ^g8;  Cist.  i2g. 

{c)  Pron.  or  noun  in  abl.  with  part.:  As.  312,  "Libane,  nunc  audacia 
usust  nobis  inuenta  et  dolis;"  Ps.  50;  plur.  num.  in  Bac.  749,  "opsecro, 
quid  istis  ad  istunc  usust  conscriptis  modum." 

PETRONIUS 

I.  Participles  with  True  Participl^l  Force 

QUALIFYING  THE   SUBJECT 

A.     Passive  Idea 

I.  According  to  significance  of  the  word,  (a)  Those  expressing  some 
kind  of  external  state.  The  commonest  word  of  this  class  in  Plant,  is 
ornatus,  but  it  occurs  only  once  in  Petron.  and  in  that  case  in  a  quotation 
from  Pubilius  Syrus,  chap.  55,  "an  ut  matrona  omata  phaleris  pelagiis 
tollat  pedes." 

Amictw^  occurs  twice:  65,  "amictusque  veste  alba  ....  commissator 
intravit,"  and  again  in  the  verse  of  Pub.  Syr.,  chap.  55,  "pavo  .... 
amictus  aureo  Babylonico."     Vestitus  occurs  twice,  once  in  the  nom., 

27,  "nos  interim  vestiti  errare  coepimus,"  and  once  in  the  accus.,  27, 
"videmus  senem  calvum,  tunica  vestitura  russea,  qui  soleatus  pila  prasina 
exercebatur."  In  this  sentence  we  have  the  verbal  adjec.  soleatus,  to 
which  there  is  no  corresponding  verb. 

Cin^tus  does  not  occur  in  the  simple  form,  but  the  compound  succinctus 
is  frequent;  67,  "Fortunata  ....  galbino  succincta  cingillo,"  and  in  21, 

28,  and  60.  In  the  last  passage  it  is  followed  not  by  the  abl.  but  the  accus., 
"pueri  Candidas  succincti  tunicas."  Praecinctus  occurs  in  19  and  95, 
"Anus  praecipue  lippa,  sordidissimo    praecincta  linteo,  soleis  imparibus 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  9 

imposita,  canem  trahit."  In  this  sentence,  the  word  Imposita  seems  to 
be  used  after  the  analogy  of  indutus  (which  does  not  occur  in  Petron.) 
and  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  other  examples  in  Lat.  of  the  use.  Incincta 
occurs  in  135,  "incincta  quadrato  pallio."  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the 

compounds  of  cingo  are  the  commonest  words  of  this  class. 

{b)  Other  parts,  used  with  the  subject  but  without  describing  external 
condition  (these  parts,  are  used  appositively) :  105,  "Ancillae  etiam  omnes 
familiari  sono  inductae  ad  valpulantem  {sc.  Gitonem)  decurrunt;"  85, 
"contentus  hoc  principio  bene  mane  surrexi;"  94,  "confusus  hac  denuntia- 
tione  Eumolpus  non  quaesiit  iracundiae  causam;"  12,  "Ascyltos  .... 
subito  exanimatus  conticuit;"  136,  "confusus  itaque  et  novitate  facinoris 
attonitus  quaerebam  .... 

With  quasi:  63,  "corpus  totum  luridum  habebat  quasi  flagellis  caesus; 
42.  42,  "Omnia  quasi  pasta." 

This  class  of  constructions  is,  of  course,  very  common  and  is  perhaps 
the  most  characteristic  of  the  Latin  usage.  By  the  use  of  the  part,  instead 
of  a  finite  verb,  the  situation  can  be  more  comprehensively  depicted  and 
the  chief  statement  emphasized  in  the  verb.  The  adaptability,  however,  of 
the  construction  to  the  periodic  structure  often  leads  to  an  excessive  use  of 
the  part.,  and  the  sentence  consequently  becomes  cumbrous  and  obscure. 
This  is  a  fault  already  apparent  in  classical  times. 

(c)  The  state  of  mind  is  expressed  by  the  part,  more  frequently  in  Petron. 
than  in  Plaut.  Since  the  time  of  the  earlier  writers  many  words  have  come 
to  be  used  in  the  transferred  metaphorical  force:  136,  "  Consurrexi  equidem 
turbatus."  This  word  occurs  in  this  meaning  at  least  a  dozen  times  in 
Petron.  loS,  "nee  minus  Tryphaena  contumelia  saevit  accensa;"  135, 
"Inhorrui  ego  tam  fabulosa  pollicitatione  conterritus;"  iii,  "Ancilla  vini 
odere  corrupta;"  iii,  "ilia  ignota  consolatione  percussa  laceravit  vehe- 
raentius  pectus;"  94,  "Giton  praecipue  ex  dolore  in  rabiem  efferatus 
toUit  clamorem."  With  quasi:  128,  "ego  contra  damnatus  et  quasi  quodam 
visu  in  horrorem  perductus  interrogare  animum  meum  coepi." 

2.  According  to  syntactical  relationship,  (a)  Causal  force  may  be 
seen  in  88,  "At  nos  vino  scortisque  demersi  ne  paratus  quidem  artes 
audemus  cognoscere;"  87,  "tum  ego  totiens  excitatus  plane  vehementur 
excandui." 

(6)  Adversative  force  in  98,  "ne  deprehensus  quidem  ausus  mihi  verum 
dicere;"  91,  *"0  facinus'  inquam  'indignum,  quod  amo  te  quamvis 
relictus.' " 

(c)  Predicative  construction:  128,  "Non  tam  intactus  Alcibiades  in 
praeceptoris  sui  lecto  iacuit;"   123,  vss.  190  and  195: 


lO        THE   PARTICIPLE    IN    PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

mox  flumina  montibus  altis 
undabant  modo  nata,  sed  haec  quoque — iussa  putares — 
stabant,  et  vincta  fluctus  stupuere  ruina 
et  paulo  ante  lues  iam  concidenda  iacebat. 

armoque  congesta  strue  deplorata  iacebant. 

62,  "Stabam  tanquam  mortuus." 

(d)  Adverbial  force:  63,  "baro  autem  noster  introversus  se  proiecit 
in  lectum." 

(e)  Parts,  with  reflexive  or  middle  force:  63,  "involuta  sinistra  manu 
curiose;"  28,  "hinc  involutus  coccina  gausapa  lecticae  impositus  est;" 
132,  "erectus  igitur  in  cubitum  hac  fere  oratione  contumacem  vexavi." 

Deponent  parts,  of  intransitive  verbs  come  under  this  class:  98,  "mox 
conversus  ad  me."  This  part,  occurs  four  times  always  followed  by  ad. 
Also  in  a  metaphorical  sense,  some  parts,  not  deponent  are  used  this  way, 
e.g.,  100,  "quasi  somnio  quodam  turbulento  circumactus  diu  vocem 
collegi." 

B.     Active  Idea 

1.  Meaning  of  the  word,     (a)  and  (b)  not  found. 

(c)  Condition  of  mind:  87,  "ille  plane  iratus  nihil  aliud  dicebat;" 
132,  "haec  ut  iratus  effudi." 

2.  Syntactical  relationship,  (a)  Past  action  completed  before  time 
of  principal  verb:  87,  "ususque  beneficio  eius  in  somnum  delapsus  sum;" 
8.  "per  anfractus  deinde  obscurissimos  egressus  in  hunc  locum  me  per- 
duxit;"  94,  limen  egressus  adduxit  repente  ostium  celiac;"  12,  "nee  diu 
moratus  rusticus  quidam  accessit;"  74,  "Habinna,  nolo,  statuam  eius 
in  monumento  meo  ponas,  ne  mortuus  quidem  lites  habeam."  Here 
mortuus  probably  has  the  purely  adjectival  meaning,  though  it  may  have 
an  adversative  force  as  a  true  part.     117,  "Precati  deos  viam  ingredimur." 

(&)  Action  co-ordinate  with  that  of  the  principal  verb:  98,  "amplexus- 
que  iam  mitigatum  osculis  tanquam  fomentis  aggressus  est;"  64,  "Scylax, 
canino  scilicet  usus  ingenio,  taeterrimo  latratu  triclinium  implevit;"  112, 
"Miles  veritus  supplicium,  mulieri  quid  accidisset  exponit." 

(c)  Past  action  approaching  notion  of  the  present.  Some  of  the 
examples  have  been  given  in  the  preceding  section  as  it  is  difficult  at  times 
to  distinguish  between  the  time  that  precedes  that  of  the  main  verb  and  that 
which  is  continuous  with  it.  Sometimes  the  perf.  part,  could  be  replaced 
by  a  gerund  or  even  by  a  pres.  part.  130,  "Curavi  diligentius  noxiosissi- 
mum  corpus,  balneoque  praeterito  modica  unctione  usus,  mox  cibis  validi- 
oribus  pastus,   hausi  parcius   merum;"     7,   "Execratus  itaque   aniculae 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  II 

Insidias  operui  caput  et  per  medium  lupanar  fugere  coepi;"  59,  "Secutus 
est  Ajax,  strictoque  gladio,  tanquam  insaniret,  concidit,  ac  modo  uersa, 
modo  supina  gesticulatus,  mucrone  frusta  coUegit;"  123  (vs.  203),  magnam 
nixus  in  hastam  frangebat  arva.  no,  "scite  iacturae  lineamenta  secuta 
totam  illi  formam  suam  reddidit;"  102,  "per  funem  lapsi  descendimus 
in  scapham;"   132,  "oblitus  verecundiae  meae  verba  contulerim." 

OBLIQUE   CASES 

A.     Passive  Idea 

These  occur  in  the  accus.  case  in  the  sing,  and  plur. :  91,  "video  Gitona 
cum  linteis  et  strigilibus  parieti  applicitum  tristem  confusumque;"  ^;^, 
"ficedulam  inveni  piperato  vitello  circumdatam;"  94,  "Giton  me  utraque 
manu  impulsum  praecipitat  super  lectum;"  21,  "nos  legitime  perfusos 
oleo  refecerunt  (=perfundendo)." 

In  the  following  examples  the  part,  has  temporal  force:  118,  "ceteri 
enim  aut  non  viderunt  viam,  qua  iretur  ad  carmen,  aut  visam  timerunt 
calcare; "  132,  "hoc  de  te  merui,  ut  me  in  caelo  positum  ad  inferos  traheres  ? 

The  construction,  mentioned  later  under  the  pres.  part.,  in  which 
the  part,  standing  alone  refers  to  a  definite  person,  occurs  also  with  the 
perf.  part,  in  various  cases. 

Accus.,  95,  "interim  coctores  insulariique  mulcant  exclusum  (sc. 
Eumolpum);"  102,  "sed  finge  una  die  {sc.  nos)  vinctos  posse  durare." 

Dat.,  86,  "indulsi  ergo  sollicito  (sc.  puero);"  115,  "Eumolpus  autem 
dum  epigramma  mortuo  (sc.  Lichae)  facit;"  115,  "at  enim  fluctibus 
obruto  (sc.  ei)  non  contingit  sepultura;"  105,  "iussi  squalorem  damnatis 
(sc.  eis)  auferri." 

The  gen.  case  of  the  pure  part,  is  hard  to  find  anywhere,  since  a  part, 
used  in  this  case  becomes  almost  an  adjec.  In  119  (vs.  13),  "ecce  aliae 
clades  et  laesae  vulnera  pacis,"  the  part,  may  be  said  to  retain  verbal  force. 

The  abl.  of  the  part,  is  almost  always  accompanied  by  a  noun,  and  in 
such  cases  it  is  hard  to  distinguish  it  from  the  abl.  abs.,  e.  g.,  132  (verse), 
"nee  magis  incepto  vultum  sermone  movetur;"  8  (verse),  "iunctis  viribus 
molestum  contempsimus." 

Abl.  of  means  in  16,  "beneficio  Gitonis  praeparata  nos  implevimus 
cena." 

B.     Active  Idea 

Under  this  class  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  words  in  the  oblique 
cases  in  Petron.  and  indeed  they  are  very  rare  at  every  stage  of  the  language. 
Mortuuni  subj.  of  infin.  is  put  in  contrast  with  vivum  in  112,  "malo  mortuum 
impendere  quam  vivum  occidere." 


12         THE   PARTICIPLE    IN    PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

II.     Used  as  an  Adjective 

The  parts,  commonly  used  as  adjecs.  occur  frequently  in  Petron.; 
e.  g.,  doctus,  which  occurs  in  the  comparative  degree  in  84,  "ipsis  lenonibus 
doctior,"  and  in  the  superlative  in  74,  "doctissimo  coco."  Mortuus  does 
not  occur  as  a  pure  attributive  adjec.  Perdita  in  119  (vs.  49),  "tamperdita 
Roma."  Merikis  occurs  in  the  superlative  in  98,  "meritissima  proditione." 
Others  are  peritus  and  iratus. 

Other  parts,  used  with  the  force  of  adjecs.  are:  83,  "senex  canus, 
exercitati  vultus;"  85,  "suspectus  amator;"  108,  "mulier  damnata." 
In  98,  "Eumolpus  autem,  quia  effractum  ostium  cellae  neminem  poterat 
excludere,"  it  is  perhaps  better  to  consider  the  part,  as  used  appositively 
(because  the  door  was  broken).  83,  "inter  quos  etiam  pictorum  amentium 
vultus;"  72,  "etiam  pictum  timueram  canem."  Same  word  in  118,  30, 
83  (verse),  93  (verse),  and  29. 

III.     Used  as  a  Substantive 

(a)  Neut.  plur.  used  as  abstract  noun:  84,  "quis  enim  potest  probare 
diversa;"    92,  "mulier  cenae  mandata  curaverat." 

Dicta  and  jacta  occur  frequently,  data  occurs  often  as  part,  but  not  as 
noun.  Other  common  nouns  formed  from  parts,  which  we  have  noted  in 
Plant,  do  not  occur  in  Petron. 

ib)  Used  of  persons:  83,  "coronis  quas  etiam  ad  immeritos  deferre 
gratia  solet;"  112,  "populus  miratus  est,  qua  ratione  mortuus  isset  in 
crucem."  Here  it  would  be  in  keeping  with  P.'s  style  to  understand  a 
noun  with  the  part.  (=  the  dead  man).  15,  "advocati  poenae  noctumi." 
no,  "Eumolpus  periclitantium  advocatus;"  in,  "in  conditorium  etiam 
prosecuta  est  defunctum;"  141,  "a  propinquis  suis  consumantur  defuncti." 

IV.     Used  Predicatively 

With  verbs  oj  wishing. — There  are  no  examples  in  Petron.  of  the  use  of 
the  part,  after  volo,  nolo,  malo,  or  any  other  verb  of  wishing. 

No  case  occurs  of  oportet  with  the  part. 

With  causative  verbs. — Facto:  47,  "mei  coci  etiam  vitulos  aeno  coctos 
solent  facere;"  86,  "timebam  ne  tarn  grande  munus  suspectam  faceret 
humanitatem  meam." 

Reddo  and  do  do  not  occur  with  the  part. 

With  habeo. — 75,  "ut  celerius  rostrum  barbatum  haberem,  labra  de 
lucema  ungebam."  The  part,  here  may  be  used  predicatively  though 
probably  it  is  simply  attributive,  "that  I  might  have  a  bearded  mug." 
62,  "si  mentior,  genios  vestros  iratos  habeam,  and  also  25,  "lunonem 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  1 3 

meam  irata  habeam."  In  these  liaheo  has  lost  in  part  the  meaning  "to 
possess"  or  "hold"  and  is  not  much  stronger  than  the  verb  esse.  102, 
"vos  vinctos  loris  inter  vestimenta  pro  sarcinis  habebo;"  117,  "habere  in 
Africa  trecenties  sestertium  fundis  nominibusque  depositum;"  66,  "duo 
(mala)sustuli  et  ecce  in  moppa  alligata  habeo."  In  both  of  the  last  examples 
the  part,  is  used  predicatively,  qualifying  its  noun,  and  the  verb  habeo  is 
not  yet  used  as  an  auxiliary  of  the  perf.  tense. 

Opus  est  occurs  only  once  in  Petron.,  and  not  with  the  part.  Usus  est 
does  not  occur. 

Participle  and  noun = abstract  noun. — This  construction  does  not  occur 
in  Plaut.,  but  comes  in  with  classical  Latin.  It  is  frequent  in  Livy  and 
still  more  so  in  Tac;  cf.  Drager,  sec.  575.  94,  "ideoque  nee  mercennarius 
ad  raptum  ferramentum  expaverat;"  116,  "post  attritas  bellis  frequentibus 
opes"  (=  "after  the  destruction  of  wealth");  117,  "post  peractum  sacra- 
men  tum  serviliter  ficti  dominum  consalutamus "  (=  "after  the  completion 
of  the  oath"),  126,  "quo  enim  spectant  flexae  pectine  comae,  quo  facies 
medicamine  attrita  et  oculorum  quoque  mollis  petulantia,  quo  incessus 
arte  compositus  et  ne  vestigia  quidem  pedum  extra  mensuram  aberrantia, 
nisi  quod  formam  prostituis,  ut  vendas?"  109,  "epulaeque  ad  certamen 
prolatae  conciliant." 

APULEIUS 
I.     Participles  With  True  Participial  Force 

QUALIFYING   THE   SUBJECT 

A.     Passive  Idea 

I.  According  to  the  significance  of  the  word,  {a)  Expressing  the 
external  state  of  the  subject:  M.  ii.  18,  "nee  tamen  incomitatus  ibo,  nam 
gladiolo  solito  cinctus  altrinsecus  ipse  salutis  meae  praesidia  gestabo. 
Sic  paratus  cenae  me  committo;"  ii.  8,  "Venus  balteo  uno  cincta;"  vii. 
6,  " Pretiosissimis  monilium  et  auro  monetali  zonis  refertis  incincta;" 
vii.  8,  "Calceis  femininis  albis  illis  et  tenuibus  inductus;"  vii.  27,  "mater 
pueri  fleta  et  lacrimosa  fuscaque  veste  contecta;"  iii.  8,  "Anus  alia  pannis 
horridis  obsita."  This  word,  which  is  not  so  used  in  Plaut.  and  is  rather 
uncommon,  occurs  with  a  similar  force  in  Ter.  Eun.  236,  "video  aegrum 
pannis  annisque  obsitum."  Ornatus  occurs  several  times,  once  with  a 
metaphorical  signification,  De  dog.  Plat,  xxiv  (Oud.,'  p.  256),  "cum 
decreto  communi  virtutibus  omnibus  omati  viri  incolae  et  omnes  fundati 

'  On  account  of  the  confusion  in  the  divisions  of  the  philosophical  works  of  Apul. 
I  have  added  the  page  in  Oudendorp's  edition. 


14        THE   PARTICIPLE   EN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,   AND   APULEIUS 

legibusobsequuntur."  M.  xi.  i6,  "puppisbracteis  aureis  vestitafulgebat;"^ 
xi.  8,  "procedunt  anteludia,  votivis  cuiusque  studiis  exomata  pulcherrime. 
Hie  incinctus  balteo  militem  gerebat;"  ii.  17,  "laciniis  cunctis  suis  renuda- 
ta." 

(&)  Other  parts,  used  with  the  subject,  but  without  the  notion  of 
external  description  are  very  numerous  and  are  used  to  express  several 
different  shades  of  meaning. 

(i)  Used  appositively:  M.  i.  10,  "Et  sic  ilia  propitiata  totam  civitatem 
absolvit;"  i.  18,"  Vesane,aio,qui  poculis  et  vino  sepultus  extrema  somniasti;" 
i.  25,  "His  actis  constematus  ac  prorsus  obstupidus  ad  balneas  me  refero, 
prudentis  condiscipuli  valido  consilio  et  nummis  simul  privatus  et  cena, 
lautusque  ad  hospitium  me  reporto;"  ii.  10,  "Cum  sim  paratus  vel  uno 
salviolo  interim  recreatus  super  istum  ignem  porrectus  assari;"  ii.  14, 
"nam  et  navis  ipsa  in  qua  vehebamur  variis  turbinibus  procellarum  quas- 
sata,  aegre  ad  ulterioris  ripae  marginem  detrusa  praeceps  demersa  est;" 
ii.  2,  "Aurum  in  comis  et  in  tunicis,  ibi  inflexum,  hie  intextum  matronam 
profecto  confitebatur." 

This  use  of  the  part.,  common  at  all  periods,  is  employed  by  Apul. 
with  the  greatest  freedom.  There  is  no  page  of  his  work  which  does  not 
furnish  examples. 

(2)  Used  attributively:  M.  v.  7,  "illae  sedatae  lacrimae  postliminio 
redeunt  prolectante  gaudio."  The  part,  here  =  determin.  rel.  clause 
("quae  sedatae  erant").  ii.  19,  "Hie  vitrum  fabre  sigillatum,  ibi  crystallum 
impunctum,  argentum  alibi  clarum  et  aurum  fulgarans  et  sucinum  mire 
cavatum  et  lap  ides  ut  bibas,  et  quicquid  fieri  non  potest  ibi  est." 

(3)  Expressing  mental  state  or  feeling:  M.  iii.  3,  "conscientia  tanti 
facinoris  merito  permotus  statim  profugit;"  ii.  2,  Sic  attonitus  immo  vero 
cruciabili  desiderio  stupidus;"  i.  25,  "His  actis  constematus  ac  prorsus 
stupidus  ad  balneas  me  refero;"  i.  17,  "Emergo  laetus  atque  alacer,  inspe- 
rato  gaudio  perfusus;"  iv.  27,  "quidam  de  latronibus  importunae  perse- 
cutionis  indignatione  permotus;"  x.  3,  "Ego  igitur  impatientia  furoris 
altius  agitata;"  iii.  21,  "percita  Fotis  ac  satis  trepida  me  accurrit;"  iii. 
21,  "sic  exterminatus  animi  atque  attonitus  in  amentiam  vigilans  somnia- 
bar;"  vi.  12,  "tantis  aerumnis  exercita;"  x.  5,  "Tunc  infelix  duplici 
filiorum  morte  precussus;"  iv.  19,  "dum  reduces  socios  nostros  suspensus 
opperior." 

2.  According  to  S3aitactical  relationship,  (a)  Reflexive  or  middle 
force:   M.  i.  15,  "in  alterum  latus  evolutus;"    i.  17,  "Ubi  es  tu,  qui  alta 

I  Van  der  Uliet  reads:  "puppis  intorta  chemisco  sublimi  bracteis  aureis  vestito 
fulgebat." 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  1 5 

nocte  stertis  involutus;"  i.  19,  "adsurgit  et  oppertus  paululum  planiorem 
ripae  marginem  complicitus  in  genua  apponat  se;"  iii.  2,  "civitas  omnis 
in  publicum  efifusa  mira  densitate  nos  insequitur;"  i.  25,  "lautusque  ad 
hospitium  me  reporto;"   iii.  13,  "abiectus  in  lectulo  meo." 

(b)  Deponent  part,  used  with  middle  force:  M.  i.  20,  "Ad  me  con- 
versus;"  i.  17,  "absono  clamore  experrectus  Socrates  exsurgit;"  iii.  15, 
"ad  me  reversa  coUoque  meo  manibus  ambabus  implexa." 

(c)  Temporal  force:  M.  ii.  13,  "nam  et  hie  apud  nos  multa  multis  simi- 
liter effatus,  non  par\'as  stipes  immo  vero  mercedes  optimas  iam  consecutus, 
fortunam  scaevam  an  saevam  verius  dixerim  miser  incidit"  (=postquam 
with  pluperf. ;  v.  10,  "diuque  cogitationibus  pressioribus  instructae  ad 
superbiam  puniendam  firmiores  redeamus"  {=postquam  with  fut.  perf.). 

With  adverb:  Flor.  No.  IX  (p.  166),  "quae  semel  lecta  neque  augeri 
littera  una  neque  autem  minui  potest." 

(d)  Causal  force:  M.  iii.  3,  "conscientia  tanti  facinoris  merito  per- 
motus  statim  profugit;"  v.  8,  "at  illarum  prorsus  coelestium  divitiarum 
copiis  afHuentibus  satiatae  iam  praecordiis  penitus  nutrirent  invidiam;" 
V.  6,  "monuit  ne  quando  suorum  pemicioso  consilio  suasa,  de  forma  mariti 
quaerat." 

The  situation  rather  more  than  the  cause  is  expressed  by  the  part, 
in  the  following:  M.  v.  30,  "sed  nunc  irrisui  habita  quid  agam?"  (  = 
"since  I  am  a  laughing  stock");  iii.  i,  "An  mihi  quisquam  tam  mitis 
tamque  benevolus  index  obtinget,  qui  me  trinae  caedis  cruore  perlitum  et 
tot  civium  sanguine  delibutum  innocentem  pronuntiare  poterit." 

(e)  Adversative  force:  M.  iii.  22,  "at  ego  nullo  decantatus  carmine, 
praesentis  tantum  facti  stupore  defixus." 

The  adversative  conjunctives  with  the  part,  occur  frequently: 

Quamvis — M.  vi.  27,  "At  ilia  quamvis  humi  prostrata,  loro  tamen 
tenaciter  inhaerebat;"  xi.  23,  "Ecce  tibi  rettuli,  quae  quamvis  audita, 
ignores  tamen  necesse  est." 

Quamqiuim — M.  ix.  21,  "quamquam  diverso  quodam  negotio  des- 
tinatus;"  vii.  8,  "Nee  ab  ilia  tamen  patenia  gloria  vel  mea  virtute  descivi, 
quamquam  semitrepidus  iuxta  mucrones  Martios  constitutus;"  xi.  19, 
"At  ego  quamquam  cupienti  voluntate  praeditus,  tamen  religiosa  formidine 
retardabar." 

There  are  in  addition  to  these  a  few  cases  of  the  part,  in  the  accus.  case 
used  with  quamquam. 

(/)  Manner:  M.  v.  16,  "sed  dum  Zephyri  tranquUlo  spiritu  sublimatae 
domum  redeunt." 

{g)  With  appositive  force  as  predicates  of  intransitive  verbs:  M.  iv.  10, 


1 6        THE    PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

"Et  nunc  iacet  noster  Lamachus  elemento  toto  sepultus;"  vii.  12,  "Cuncti 
denique  sed  prorsus  omnes  vino  sepulti  iacebant;"  iii.  10,  "fixus  in  lapide 
steti  gelidus;"  cf.  ii.  7,  "  Isto  aspectu  defixus  obstupui  et  mirandus  steti." 

B.     Active  Idea 

1.  Expressing  past  action,  (a)  Action  completed  before  the  time  of 
the  principal  verb:  M.  v.  7,  "At  illae  sorores  percontatae  scopulum  locum- 
que  ilium  adueniunt;"  iii.  4,  "Sic  profatus  accusator  acerrimus  immanem 
vocem  repressit;"  iii.  13,  "Raptim  denique  paupertina  Milonis  cenula 
perfunctus  causatusque  capitis  acrem  dolorem,  quem  mihi  lacrimarum 
assiduitas  incusserat,  concedo  cubituni  venia  facile  tributa;"  x.  13,  "  Adscis- 
cor  itaque  inter  duos  illos  fratres  tertius  contubemalis,  hand  uUo  tempore 
tarn  benevolam  fortunam  expertus." 

(6)  Expressing  a  state  or  condition  as  a  result  of  past  action,  or  an  action 
coincident  with  the  main  action:  M.  v.  15,  "Tunc  ilia  pristina  sermonis 
oblita  novum  commentum  instruit;"  viii.  2,  "nanctus  denique  praesentiae 
suae  tempestillam  occasionem  sceleri  quod  diu  cogitarat  accingitur;" 
i.  19,  "ultroneum  exilium  amplexus  nunc  Aetoliam  novo  contracto  matri- 
monio  colo;"  vii.  28,  "donee  solo  quod  restabat  nisus  praesidio,  liquida 
fimo  strictum  egesta  faciem  atque  oculos  eius  confoedassem." 

2.  Equivalent  to  pres.  parts.:  M.  i.  17,  "et  cum  dicto  Socratem  deos- 
culabar  amplexus;"  xi.  5,  "Adsum  tuos  miserata  casus;"  v.  25,  "Pan 
deus  rusticus  sedebat  complexus  Echo;"  ix.  21,  "Barbarus  vultu  turgido 
incedit  iratus;"  iii.  5,  "extirpare  latrones  boni  civis  ofiScium  arbitratus 
eos  aggressus  sum;"  x.  2,  "immodice  bacchatus  Amor  exaestuabat. " 
Drager  says  this  word  is  used  with  this  force  only  in  poetry.  M.  iv.  2,  ille 
conatus  fortunae  meae  scaevitatem  anteire  non  potuit;"  Apol.  i.  "quo  ego 
uno  praecipue  confisus  gratulor  medius  fidius,  quod;"  M.  ii.  32,  "nee 
cunctatus  medios  latrones  invado."  This  part.,  and  others  like  it,  e.  g., 
moratus,  commoratus,  are  perhaps  hardly  equivalent  to  pres.  parts,  and 
had  better  be  called  aorists.  De  dog.  Plat.  ii.  9  (Oud.,  p.  234),  "Sic  haec 
scientiam  imitata  iuris  simulat  quidem  virtu tem  se  animis  augere."  Apol. 
3,  "Quam  quidem  vocem  et  tua  aequitate  et  mea  innocentia  fretus  spero 
in  hoc  iudicio  erupturam;"  M.  vi.  3,  "Tunc  genu  nixa  et  manibus  aram 
tepentem  amplexa  sic  adprecatur." 

OBLIQUE   CASES 

A.     Passive  Idea 
1.  Accus.:    M.  ii.  14,  "cum  etiam  nos  omnes  circumsecus  astantes  in 
clarum  cachinnum   videret   effusos;"    vi.    19,   "Hunc   ofifrenatum   unius 
offulae  praeda   facile   praeteribis"    (conditional  ="  if  you  bribe  him  by 


PERFECT    PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  1 7 

one  grain");  vi.  27,  "ubi  me  conspexit  absolutum;"  v.  31,  "Sed  earn 
protinus  Ceres  et  Juno  continuantur,  visamque  vultu  tumido  quaesiere" 
(temporal  =  " cum  viderent  cam  esse  vultu  tumido");  i.  23,  "Fotis,  inquit, 
sarcinulas  hospitis  susceptas  cum  fide  conde  in  cubiculum."  Here  the  part, 
and  the  main  verb  are  of  equal  weight  and  are  equivalent  to  two  finite 
verbs.  The  construction  is  very  frequent  from  the  classical  period  down 
to  latest  times.  A  few  other  examples  will  suffice  for  Apul.:  M.  v.  14, 
"quamvis  invitus  susceptas  eas  gremio  spirantis  aurae  solo  reddidit;" 
ix.  9,  "statimque  vinctos  in  Tullianum  compingunt;"  v.  7,  "Vocatum 
Zephyrum  admonet."  Used  appositively:  M.  i.  22,  "litteras  ei  a  Corinthis 
Demea  scriptas  ad  eum  reddo;"  i.  i,  "modo  si  papyrum  Aegyptia  argutia 
Nilotici  calami  inscriptam  non  spreveris  inspicere,  et  figuras  fortunasque 
hominum  in  alias  imagines  conversas  et  in  se  rursum  muto  nexu  refectas." 
Equivalent  to  adj.  clause:  M.  i.  5,  "sinistro  pede  prefectum  me  spes 
compendii  frustata  est;"  ii.  6,  "Ego  curiosus  alioquin  ut  primum  artis 
magicae  semper  optatum  nomen  audivi."  With  causal  force:  M.  ii.  3, 
"Ego  sum  Byrrhaena  ilia,  cuius  forte  saepicule  nomen  inter  tuos  educatores 
frequentatum  retines;"  De.  dog.  Plat.  i.  2  (Oud.,  p.  184),  "pubescentis 
primitias  labore  atque  amore  studendi  imbutas  refert;"  M.  ix.  5,  "dum 
ad  opus  susceptum  proficiscitur." 

2.  Dat. :  M.  v.  8,  "Eas  statim  vocato  Zephyro  tradit  reportandas;" 
i.  26,  "optatae  me  quieti  reddidi;"  vi.  11,  "Vocatae  Psychae  Venus  infit 
talia;"  iv.  24,  "At  illi  introvocatae  anui  praecipiunt;"  viii.  31,  "destinatae 
etiam  langienae  cultros  acuebat." 

3.  Gen.:  M.  ii.  31,  "Solemnis,  inquit,  dies  a  primis  cunabulis 
huius  urbis  conditae'  crastinus  advenit;"  ii.  30,  "ceram  in  modum  praesec- 
tarum  formatam  aurium  ei  applicant."  Florida  III,  No.  16  (73),  "immo 
etiam  docuit  argumento  suscepti  sacerdotii,  summum  mihi  honorem  Cartha- 
ginis  adesse;"  iv.  6,  "in  modum  stipati  maris;"  v.  14,  "Thesaurumque 
penitus  abditae  fraudis  tegentes;"  De.  dog.  Plat.  ii.  4  (Oud.,  p.  225), 
"malitiam  omnibus  vitiis  imbuti  hominis  ducebat  esse;"  De.  dog.  Plat. 
II  (Oud.,  p.  249),  "pro  merito  vitae  purius  castiusve  transactae." 

4.  Abl. :  M.  V.  21,  "Psyche  quamvis  statuto  consilio  et  obstinato 
animo;"  x.  17,  "ut,  quod  vellem,  relato,  quod  nollem,  deicto  capite  mons- 
trarem;"  ix.  38,  "de  prostratis  tuis  civibus  gloriose  triumpha." 

B.     Active  Idea 

I.  Accus. :  M.  ii.  26,  "Vix  effatum  me  statim  familiares  omnes 
insequuntur;"  viii.  7,  "illuvie  paene  coUapsa  membra  lavacro,  cibo  denique 
confoverat." 

I  Van  d.  Uliet  reads  conditus. 


1 8        THE  PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

2.  Genitive:  M.  ix.  39,  "dilapsae  domus  fortunam  miseratus;"  vii. 
27,  "Casum  defuncti  magistri." 

II.     Used  Predicatively 

With  verbs  of  wishing. — ^The  most  frequent  verb  of  wishing  in  Apul. 
is  volo.  The  perf.  part,  occurs  with  it  eight  times,  though  none  of  these 
is  found  in  the  Metamorphoseon.  De.  dog.  Plat.  ii.  24  (Oud.,  p.  256), 
"sic  enim  fiet,  ut  omnes  una  mente  sint,  aequumque  sibi  factum  velint." 
A  similar  combination  occurs  in  De  mund.  xxv  and  Apol.  61  (Oud.,  p.  532), 
"factum  volebat;"  Apol.  95  (Oud.,  p.  589),  "Si  Avitum  audias  neque 
additum  quidquam  velis  neque  detractum,  neque  autem  aliquid  commuta- 
tum;"  De.  dog.  Plat.  ii.  8  (Oud.,  p.  231),  "sic  enim  aXoyov  rpt^rjv  elo- 
cuti  sumus,  quae  persuasum  velit  quod  docere  non  valeat;"  ii.  11;  ii.  27; 
ii.  14;   Flor.  iii.  No.  16. 

One  case  occurs  with  nolo:  Apol.  98  (Oud.,  p.  593),  "noUem  hercle 
hoc  a  me  profectum."  A  case  of  cupio  occurs  in  M.  ii.  5,  "ut  anxie  tibi 
metuo  et  utpote  pignori  meo  longe  provisum  cupio."  Also  Apol.  (Oud.,  p. 
593),  "proventum  cupit." 

There  are  no  examples  as  far  as  I  can  find  of  opto  or  desidero.  There 
'\%on&oi  mala  va.  Flor.  iv.  No.  21,  "Habet  interdum  et  necessaria  festinatio 
honestas  moras,  saepe  uti  malis  interpellatam  voluntatem"  ("you  would 
prefer  to  have  your  journey  delayed"). 

In  none  of  these  cases  is  the  part,  joined  with  esse. 

Oportet  is  used  frequently  with  the  infin.  act.  and  pass,  but  not  with 
the  part. 

Opus  est  is  used  with  the  gen.,  abl.,  supine  (scitu),  infin.,  and  once  with 
the  part.,  Flor.,  No.  15,  sub.  fin.,  ".  .  .  .  cum  dicto  est  opus,  impigre  dicere, 
et  cum  tacito  opus  est,  libente  tacere."  Once  also  with  part,  and  noun, 
Flor.  iv.  No.  21,  "Quippe  et  illis,  quibus  curriculo  confecta  via  opus  est." 

Usus  est  is  not  often  used  and  not  at  all  with  the  part. 

In  the  perjed  infinitive. — ^The  perf.  infin.  pass,  is  used  in  Apul.  generally 
without  esse.  I  have  been  able  to  find  only  twenty-three  examples  of  the 
full  form,  while  the  perf.  part,  without  esse,  used  as  the  infin.,  occurs  on 
almost  every  page.     Fuisse  is  found  with  the  part,  only  three  times. 

With  habeo,  teneo,  etc. — ^The  use  of  habeo  with  the  perf.  part.  pass, 
does  not  differ  from  the  classical  usages,  though  there  are  some  cases 
which  have  no  parallel  in  Plaut. 

In  the  first  place  are  to  be  noticed  places  where  habeo  has  its  full  force 
and  the  predicate  noun  or  part,  is  used  appositively,  e.  g.,  Apol.  xxx  (Oud. 
p.  458),  "An  soli  pisces  habent  aliquid  occultum  aliis  sed  Magis  cognitum  ?" 


PERFECT   PARTICIPLE   PASSIVE  I9 

Here  the  part,  could  be  expanded  into  a  determinative  adjec.  clause; 
of.  M.  iii.  3,  "Habet  is  itaque  reum  tot  caedibus  impiatum,  reum  coram 
deprehensum,  reum  peregrinum;"  xi.  20,  "praesertim  cum  nullum  um- 
quam  habuisse  me  servum  isto  nomine  nuncupatum  certus  essem;"  Apol. 
liii  (Oud.,  p.  512),  "Ais  enim  me  habuisse  quaedam  sudariolo  involuta 
apud  Lares  Pontiani."  This  word  is  curiously  repeated  as  a  substantive 
in  the  next  sentence,  "ea  involuta  quae  et  cuiusmodi  fuerint,  nescisse  te 
confiteris."  Farther  down  it  is  again  the  part.,  "Habuit  Apuleius  quae- 
piam  linteolo  involuta."  In  all  of  these  the  part,  is  quite  independent  of 
the  verb  habeo  and  simply  qualifies  the  noun,  which  is  the  direct  object  of 
the  verb.  When  the  verbs  habeo  and  teneo  are  used  in  the  passive  the  part,  is 
a  pred.  nominative  and  in  the  following  cases  would  seem  to  have  a  slightly 
closer  connection  with  the  verb.  Apol.  xxxi  (Oud.,  p.  465),  "iussisse  illico 
pisces  eos  qui  capti  tenebantur  solvi  retibus  et  reddi  prof  undo ; "  De.  dog. 
Plat.  ii.  27  (Oud.,  p.  261);  "in  actuosa  vero  civitati  describit,  quemad- 
modum  simul  omnis  hominum  multitudo  bonitate  et  iustitia  conducta 
habeatur."  Almost  the  same  force  is  to  be  given  the  part,  in  De.  deo  Soc. 
xxii,  "cumulata  enim  habent,  quae  sedulo  percolunt,  ipsi  autem  horridi 
indocti  incultique  circumeunt." 

Close  to  this  use  of  the  part,  but  distinct  from  it  is  the  use  of  habeo 
with  the  part,  as  a  sort  of  a  complement  to  it.  The  part,  qualifies  the 
object  but  cannot  be  resolved  into  an  adjec.  phrase,  but  rather  the  verb 
and  the  part,  coalesce  into  one  idea  and  govern  the  noun  as  a  direct  object. 
The  first  stage  of  this  development  may  be  seen  in  the  use  of  the  predicate 
noun  capHvos  in  M.  vii.  12,  "istos  tuos  hostes  statim  captivos  habebis." 
Nearly  the  same  force  is  to  be  seen  in  the  part,  in  M.  iii.  19,  "Cum  semper 
alioqui  spretorem  matronalium  amplexuum  in  servilem  modum  addictum 
atque  mancipatum  teneas  volentem."  The  neut.  sing,  of  the  part,  came 
to  be  used  with  this  force  when  referring  to  a  whole  clause  as  a  sort  of  an 
appositive,  e.  g.,  M.  xi.  6,  "Plane  memineris  et  penita  mente  conditum 
semper  tenebis,  mihi  reliqua  vitae  tuae  curricula  ad  usque  terminos  ultimi 
spiritus  vadata."  The  pred.  part,  similarly  in  De.  dog.  Plat.  ii.  5  (Oud., 
p.  227),  "hoc  vero  proclivius,  si  ratio  in  regni  sui  solio  constituta  appetitus 
et  iracundias  semper  domitas  et  in  frenis  habet." 

A  further  step  is  taken  when  the  verb  habeo  uses  its  full  verbal  force 
and  the  significance  of  the  expression  is  contained  in  the  part.,  the  main 
verb  thus  becoming  almost  an  auxiliary  to  a  compound  perf.  tense,  e.  g., 
M.  vii.  9,  "nam  etipse  quosdam  lenones  pridem  cognitos  habeo"  (=novi). 
Similarly  the  use  of  the  neut.  part,  compertum,  as  found  in  Cic.  and  Caes, 
but  not  in  Plaut.,  e.  g.,  Apol.  Ixxxv  (Oud.,  p.  571),  "si  compertum  habeas 


20        THE    PARTICIPLE    IN    PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

filios  tibi  similes  futures,  non  audeas  ducere  uxorem?"  Also  ApoL,  p. 
534,  "Compertum  habebatis."  A  good  example  is  ApoL,  p.  574,  "satis 
dictum  habebo,  si  hoc  unum  addidero." 

Wiih  facio. — De  deo  Soc,  Oud.,  p.  125,  "Missum  igitur  hunc  locum 
faciam;"   ApoL,  Oud.,  p.  579,  "Missa  haec  facio." 

III.  Used  as  an  Adjective 

Apul.  employs  all  the  common  parts,  that  usage  has  adopted  as  adjecs. 
and  several  others  not  so  commonly  used,  e.  g.,  solitus  (usual,  wonted), 
optatus  (desired),  exsertam  vigiliam  (careful  watch),  M.  ii.  30.  Koziol  gives 
a  list  of  fifty-five  words  from  Apul.  which  occur  only  in  the  form  of  the 
perf.  part.,  most  of  them  having  the  force  of  adjecs.'  He  also  gives  a  list  of 
twenty-five  perf.  parts,  which  are  used  by  Apul.  with  meanings  not  found 
in  the  earlier  Latin. ^ 

IV.  Used  as  a  Substantive 

As  in  the  case  of  Petron.  examples  are  found  of  parts,  without  their 
noun  used  to  refer  to  particular  persons  and  so  not  strictly  to  be  regarded 
as  nouns;  e.  g.,  M.  iii.  8,  "quae  circumfusae  lectulum,  quo  peremptorum 
cadavera  contecta  fuerant."  This  may  be  translated  "  the  bodies  oj  the 
slain"  and  in  English  the  word  "slain"  might  be  considered  a  noun.  But 
a  sentence  in  the  same  chap,  has  the  noun  with  the  part.,  "miseremint 
indigne  caesorum  iuvenum."  So  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  Latins  feli 
the  words  as  parts.  Other  examples  of  similar  usage  are  M.  iii.  g,  "per- 
mittite  corpora  necatorum  revelari;"  iv.  19,  "indomo  visa  nuntiat;"  here 
it  may  be  a  pure  noun  =  "quae  viderat."  Also  a  noun  in  M.  iv.  24,  "seque 
ad  sectae  sueta  conferunt." 

In  the  philosophical  writings  a  large  number  of  adjecs.  and  parts,  are 
used  in  the  neut.  plur.  for  abstract  nouns.  The  Latin  language  was  very 
deficient  in  abstract  nouns,  for  the  speech  was  like  the  people,  and  it  was 
not  until  classical  times  that  such  writings  as  Cicero's  philosophical  works 
required  the  creation  of  terms  not  before  used.  Apul.  in  his  curious 
reproductions  of  Greek  philosophy  uses  the  neut.  plur.  of  the  part, 
generally  instead  of  the  nouns  in  -tio  and  -tus,  especially  when  the  product 
or  result  of  an  act  is  to  be  expressed.  (Cf.  Haacke,  Lateinische  Stilistik, 
sec.  105,  Brugmann,  p.  140.) 

I  Heinrlcli  Koziol,  Der  Stil  ties  L.  Apuleius,  p.  281. 
=>  P.  295. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE   PRESENT   PARTICIPLE 

The  Indo-Germanic  language  in  the  very  beginning  possessed  among 
its  participial  forms  the  active  form  with  the  suffix  -ent,  -nt-,  belonging 
to  the  diflferent  tense  stems,  e.  g.,  Lat.  jerens,  Gk.  ^epwv  for  the  pres.,  and 
Gk.  TTCfj.if/a'i  for  the  aorist.' 

This  pres.  part,  is  used  to  express  action  in  which  the  person  or  thing 
to  which  it  refers  is  engaged.  It  does  not  of  itself  express  the  time  of  action, 
but  merely  its  nature  or  quality.  In  strict  use  the  time  represented  by  the 
principal  verb  and  that  indicated  by  the  part,  should  be  the  same,  though 
the  rule  is  not  always  strictly  observed  even  in  the  best  writers,^  e.  g., 
Hor.  Sat.  i.  5.  94,  "inde  Rubos  fessi  pervenimus,  utpote  longum  carpentes 
iter,"  Liv.  45.  10.  6,  "diu  negantes  pertulerunt  ut  moram  ....  pateren- 
tur."  The  part,  is  used  so  loosely  in  English  that  to  our  feeling  sentences 
like  these  seem  perfectly  natural,  especially  as  they  are  easier  and  just  as 
clear  as  the  more  formal  circumlocution.  But  a  careful  study  of  the  best 
Latin  writers  will  show  that  the  construction  was  rare  and  was  generally 
avoided.  Cic.  has  very  many  sentences  where  the  pres.  part,  would  have 
been  the  easier  expression  but  where  he  uses  the  more  correct  form  of  cum 
with  the  subjunctive  or  ablative  absolute. 

PLAUTUS 

The  examples  in  Plaut.  of  this  aoristic  use  of  the  part,  are  not  numerous 
and  are  confined  to  verbs  expressing  motion,  such  as  are  used  in  narration: 
Trtic.  382,  "sed  quo  ego  facinus  audivi  adveniens  tuom?"  Capt.,  pr.  9, 
"eumque  hinc  profugiens  vendidit;"^     Poen.  652,  "adiit  ad  nos  extemplo 

'  Brugniann  in  Indogerm.  Forschung.,  Vol.  V,  p.  89. 

2  See  Drager,  He  S.,  II,  p.  774.  He  says  there  is  nothing  very  unusual  in  the  use 
of  the  part,  in  Cic.  Tusc.  2.  25,  61,  "cum  Rhodum  venisset  decedens  ex  Syria,"  as  both 
actions  occur  at  the  same  time  and  decedens  =  " on  his  journey."  But  it  seems  to  me 
that  this  is  forcing  the  meaning  of  decedens,  and  logically  the  two  words  do  not  refer  to 
the  same  time.  The  looseness  of  the  narrative  style  in  beginning  a  statement  at  one 
point  where  the  act  is  presented  vividly  to  the  mind,  without  regard  to  the  verb  which 
is  to  end  the  sentence,  is  accountable  for  the  unusual  construction. 

3  Tammelin,  p.  18,  considers  profugiens  =  in  fuga.  and  would  defend  this  sentence 
as  well  as  the  others  on  the  ground  that  the  part,  expresses  the  same  time  as  the  verb. 
But  profugiens  represents  an  action  which  began  and  probably  ended  before  that  repre- 
sented by  vendidit. 


22         THE    PARTICIPLE   IN    PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

exiens;"   Most.  570,  "continuo  adveniens  pilum  iniecisti  mihi."     So  also 
in  Ps.  1201;  Amph.  800;  Rud.  1275;  Bac.  361;  Epid.  361;  Pers.  731. 

I.     Participles  with  True  Participial  Force 

QUALIFYING  THE   SUBJECT 

These  will  be  best  classified  according  to  the  various  forces  which 
they  have,  thus : 

(a)  Those  which  express  the  state  of  mind  of  the  subject  at  the  time 
when  the  principal  action  takes  place.  Mil.  202,  "illuc  sis  vide,  quem 
ad  raodum  astitit  severo  fronte  curans  cogitans;"  Merc.  556,  "uxor  me 
expectat  iam  dudum  esuriens  domi."     So  also  Bac.  208;  Pers.  i. 

(6)  Those  which  express  a  condition,  state,  situation  of  the  subject: 
Cas.  664,  "ita  omnes  sub  arcis,  sub  lectis  latentes  metu  mussitant;"  Bac. 
477,  "ut  ipsus  in  gremio  ausculantem  mulierem  teneat  sedens;"  Pers. 
208,  "Feminam  scelestam  te  astans  contra  contuor;"  Capt.  848,  "vigilans 
somniat,"  and  many  others. 

(c)  Those  expressing  manner  though  still  describing  the  condition  of 
the  subject:  Cist.  123,  "quae  hinc  flens  abiit;"  Ps.  44,  "salutem  ex  te 
expetit,  lacrumans  titubantique  animo,  corde  et  pectore."  So  also  Trin. 
154;    Aid.  318;    Rud.  695. 

{d)  Those  which  express  the  means  or  manner  of  the  action,  being 
equivalent  to  an  abl.  of  the  gerund:  As.  291,  "loquens  lacerat  diem;"  Men. 
922,  "occidis  fabulans;"  Trin.  680,  "Sed  tu  obiurgans  me  a  peccatis 
rapis  deteriorem  in  viam." 

(e)  Those  which  have  the  force  of  adverbs  but  are  grammatically  almost 
adjecs. :  Rud.  367,  "properans  exsolui  restim;"  Cas.  607,  "faciem  lubens; " 
Cas.  675,  "  sciens  de  via  in  semitamdegredere;"  Ps.  842,  "peccaviinsciens." 
The  commonest  words  in  this  use  are  sciens  and  lubens. 

(/)  Those  with  temporal  force:  Most.  1103,  "nimio  plus  sapio  sedens;" 
Aid.  305,  "ne  quid  animae  forte  amittat  dormiens;"  Epid.  662,  "remeabo 
intro  ut  adcurentur  advenientes  hospites;"  Rud.  71,  "vehemens  sum 
exoriens,  cum  occido  vehementior;"  Epid.  90,  "quam  abiens  mandavit 
mihi."  The  commonest  words  used  with  temporal  force  are  adveniens 
and  abiens. 

(g)  Those  used  with  causal  notion:  Rud.  561,  "signum  flentes  amplexae 
tenent,  nescioquid  metuentes;"  Rud.  274,  "nunc  tibi  amplectimur  genua 
egentesopum." 

(h)  Those  used  with  concessive  force:  As.  290,  "Sed  quid  ego  hie 
properans  concesso  pedibus,  lingua  largior  ?  " 


THE  PRESENT   PARTICIPLE  23 

IN   OBLIQUE   CASES 

Parts,  which  are  used  in  oblique  cases  incline  to  the  nature  of  adjecs., 
and  it  is  often  hard  to  distinguish  between  the  forces.  They  are  found  in 
all  the  oblique  cases  in  Plaut.  but  the  examples  are  few. 

iVccus.  sing.:  Men.  951,  "at  ego  te  pendentem  fodiam  stimulis  triginta 
dies;"  Ps.  1247,  "an  id  voltis,  ut  me  hinc  iacentem  aliquis  tollat;"  Rud. 
722;  Stick.  765;  Amph.  624;  Cist.  547.  In  all  of  these  the  part,  expresses 
situation  or  condition.  In  the  following  it  has  a  temporal  force:  Bac. 
loi,  "bene  me  accipies  advenientem;"  Amph.  978;  Ps.  603;  Stick.  422; 
Most.  389;   Trin.  997.     The  commonest  word  so  used  is  advenientem. 

Accus.  plur. :  Most.  330,  "iacentis  toilet  postea  nos  ambo  aliquis;" 
Ampk.  701 ;  Stick.  99.     This  use  is  rare. 

Dat.:  Men.  724,  "peregrino  ut  advenienti  narrent  fabulas?"  Bac. 
197;  Capt.  1004;  Most.  430;  Trin.  869;  Epid.  571;  Poen.  614;  Mil.  393. 
The  word  advenienti  is  most  frequent  and  the  force  is  temporal. 

Gen.:  As.  591,  "quia  tui  amans  abeuntis  egeo." 

Abl. :  Ps.  I,  "Si  ex  te  tacente  fieri  possem  certior." 

II.     Used  Predicatively 

The  part,  is  often  used  after  verba  sentiendi  and  also  after  causative 
verbs  such  as  jacio,  reddo,  and  do,  with  almost  the  same  force  as  the  infinitive. 
The  parts,  form  a  complement  of  the  verb,  which  in  this  case  may  be 
called  a  verb  of  incomplete  predication,  and  at  the  same  time  they  qualify 
the  direct  object.  It  seems  probable  that  the  use  of  the  verb  wath  the  part, 
preceded  that  of  the  accusative  with  the  infinitive.  In  Plaut.  we  find 
both  uses  side  by  side  without  difference  of  meaning,  though  the  examples 
of  the  verbs  video  and  audio  with  the  infinitive  are  much  more  numerous  than 
those  with  the  part.  (See  Tammelin,  pp.  58-62.)  The  verb  video  is  the 
commonest  in  this  connection  and  next  to  it  is  audio.  Other  verbs  used 
similarly  are  aspicio,  conspicio,  conspicor.  A  few  examples  of  each  will 
suffice:  Mil.  199,  "qui  illam  hie  vidit  osculantem;"  Rud.  163,  "mulierculas 
video  sedentis;  Bac.  204,  "exeuntem  me  unde  aspexisti  modo;"  Epid. 
435,  "sed  quis  illic  est  quem  hue  advenientem  conspicor;"  Ampk.  1099, 
"uxorem  tuam  neque  gementem  neque  plorantera  audivimus." 

With  causative  verbs. — ^The  only  one  of  these  used  with  the  pres.  part, 
is  jacio,  but  the  use  is  not  a  common  one.  With  the  perf.  part,  do  and 
reddo  also  occur.  Epid.  436,  "qui  undantem  chlamydem  quassando 
facit;"  Sticli.  407,  "eos  nunc  laetantis  faciam  ego  adventu  meo." 
Similarly  in  Ps.  324,  1041;  Poen.  377;  Ampk.  789;  As.  45. 


24        THE   PARTICIPLE    IN    PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

III.  Used  as  an  Adjective 

Nom. :  Rud.  1114,  "eo  tacent,  quia  tacitast  melior  mulier  semper  quam 
loquens."  The  pure  adjec.  force  is  clear  in  Capt.  912,  "lupus  esuriens;" 
Capt.  1032,  "amans  adulescens,"  and  also  in  Slich.  605;  As.  591;  Pers. 
299. 

Accus. :  Cist.  222,  "ita  meum  frangit  amantem  animum;"  Pers. 
770;  Merc.  160;  Bac.  478;  Epid.  555;  As.  82. 

Dat.:  Pers.  253,  "lovi  opulento  ....  bonas  spes  commodanti 
lubens  vitulor;"  Cure.  115;  Poen.  74;  Ps.  ^20. 

Abl.:  Ps.  44,  "lacrumans  titubantique  animo;"  Trin.  301,  "ab 
ineunte  adulescentia;"   Amph.  585;   Capt.  847. 

Gen.:  True.  223,  "piaculumst  miserere  nos  hominum  rei  male  geren- 
tum;"     True.   434. 

IV.  Used  as  a  Substantive 

Dat.:  Bac.  186,  "hospitum  et  cenam  poUicere,  ut  convenit,  peregre 
advenienti;"  As.  848;  Bac.  538;  Mere.  994,  116;  Mil.  1341. 

Accus.:  Cure.  199,  "bene  monstrantem  pugnis  caedis;"  Epid.  112, 
"nihil  agit,  qui  diflBdentem  verbis  solatur  suis;"  As.  561;  Most.  190, 
Pers.  776;    True.  578;    Trin.  247. 

Nom.:  True.  26,  "quot  amans  exemplis  ludificetur,"  where  amans 
—  amator;  As.  587;   True.  181;  Cure.  477. 

Gen.:  7?^^.  259,  "nam  vox  me  precantum  hue  foras  excitavit;"  Most 
171;    True.  25;   Men.  355. 

Abl.:   As.  175,  "cum  quiquam  amante." 

PETRONIUS 
In  Petron.  the  pres.  part,  is  very  frequent,  and  owing  to  the  loose 
narrative  style  is  sometimes  used  where  more  formal  Latin  would  require 
a  perf .  part,  or  a  cww-clause.  67,  "tunc  sudario  manus  tergens  quod  in 
collo  habebat,  applicat  se  illi  toro."  In  this  example  the  principal  verb  is 
a  historic  present,  but  the  part,  represents  an  act  completed  before  the  time 
of  the  verb.  97,  "publicus  vero  servus  insertans  commissuris  secures 
claustrorum  firmitatem  laxavit."  Here  the  part,  is  equal  to  a  gerund. 
Sometimes  the  pres.  part,  is  used  in  the  abl.  abs.  where  it  would  seem 
more  correct  to  use  a  clause  with  a  verb  in  a  past  tense,  e.  g.,  74,  "haec 
dicente  eo  gallus  gallinaceus  cantavit,"  where  apparently  the  meaning 
is  "when  he  had  said  this."  In  36  we  find  the  more  formal  clause — 
"haec  ut  dixit,  ad  symphoniam  quattuor  tripudiantes  procurrerunt." 
A  similar  looseness  appears  in  68,  "interim  puer  luscinias  coepit  imitari 


THE    PRESENT    PARTICIPLE  25 

daman te  Trimalchione  subinde:  muta! — ecce  alius  ludus."  As  the  whole 
story  of  Petron.  is  told  by  means  of  the  historical  pres.,  the  pres.  part, 
occurs  more  frequently  than  would  be  expected  in  other  kinds  of  narrative, 
though  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  aoristic  use  of  the  part,  is  frequent. 

I.    Participles  with  True  Participial  Force 

QUALIFYING   THE   SUBJECT 

The  pres.  part,  when  qualifying  the  subject  in  its  proper  use  is  generally 
equivalent  to  an  adverb  or  to  an  additional  statement — 36,  "res  electis- 
simas  ridentes  aggredimur;"  60,  "nee  minus  reliqui  convivae  mirantes 
erexere  vultus,  expectantes  quid  novi  de  coelo  nuntiaretur."  Here  the 
first  part,  is  equivalent  to  an  adverb,  the  second  to  a  finite  verb.  60,  unus 
pateram  vini  circumferens  '  dii  propitii '  clamabat."  Here  a  slight  temporal 
force  may  be  seen.  69,  "respiciens  Agamemnonem  'Mirabor'  inquam." 
This  part,  occurs  seven  times  in  similar  sentences.  64,  "tum  Trimalchio 
iactans  candidum  panem  'nemo'  inquit  'in  domo  mea  me  plus  amat.'" 
In  these  last  examples  the  pres.  part,  is  used  with  the  verb  inquam  in  a  free 
conversational  style  which  resembles  closely  our  English,  but  is  not  usual 
in  Latin.  Petron.  uses  the  construction  frequently,  though  sometimes  the 
act  represented  by  the  part,  is  not  strictly  contemporaneous  with  that  of 
the  verb.  65,  "quae  ut  comessemus  ambitiosissime  a  nobis  Trimalchio 
petiit  dicens  exossatas  esse  gallinas."  Here  the  part,  has  something  of  the 
force  of  an  abl.  of  means — "by  saying." 

Other  uses  may  be  classed  under  the  categories  used  for  Plaut. 

(a)  Those  expressing  the  mental  state  of  the  subject — 131,  "at  ilia 
gaudio  exultans;"   136,  "ego  praeda  gaudens." 

(b)  Those  expressing  the  situation  or  condition  of  the  subject — 17, 
"sedens  super  torum  meum  diu  flevit;"  72,  "algentes  utique  petissemus;" 
74,  "super  quem  incumbens  Fortunata." 

(c)  Those  expressing  manner  being  adverbial  in  their  force — 75, 
"Scintilla  flens  dixit;"  114,  "discurrunt,  nautae  ad  officia  trepidantes;" 
116,  "in  montem  sudantes  conscendimus;"  36,  "haec  ut  dixit  ad  sym- 
phoniam  quattuor  tripudiantes  procurrerunt." 

IN   OBLIQUE   CASES 

The  part,  is  used  much  more  freely  in  the  oblique  cases  in  Petron.  than 
in  the  early  writers.  It  is  often  equivalent  to  a  descriptive  clause,  e.  g.,  59, 
"clamorem  Homeristae  sustulerunt,  interque  familiam  discurrentem 
vitulus  in  lance  donaria  elixus  allatus  est;"  41,  "laudavimus  dictum 
Trimalchionis    et    circumeuntem    puerum    perbasiamus;"     26,    "Gitona 


26        THE  PARTICIPLE  IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

libentissime  servile  officium  tuentem  usque  hoc  iubemus  in  balnea  sequi;" 
30,  " dispensatorem  in  atrio  aureos  numerantem  deprecati  sumus." 

Of  the  accus.  plur.  the  following  will  illustrate  the  use:  40,  "parati 
aucupes  cum  harundiaibus  fuerunt  et  eos  circa  triclinium  volitantes  momen- 
to  exceperunt;"  98,  "genua  ego  perseverantis  amplector  ne  morientes  vellet 
occidere;"  33,  "accipimus  nos  cochlearia  non  minus  selibras  pendentia." 

Dat.:  The  examples  of  this  case  are  also  numerous  and  the  differences 
of  force  rather  remarkable,  iii,  "assidebat  aegrae  fidissima  ancilla, 
simulque  et  lacrimas  commodabat  lugenti."  In  the  usual  style  of  Petron. 
the  noun  (domlnae)  is  omitted  and  the  part,  is  used  with  the  same  force 
as  the  adjec.  109,  "  ut  tu  nihil  imperabis  puero  repugnanti  non  amplexum, 
non  osculum."  Here  the  part,  is  equal  to  a  conditional  ^-clause.  98, 
"immo  ni  deus  quidam  pendenti  puero  excussiset  indicium."  Here  the 
part,  is  equal  to  a  characterizing  gm-clause.  92,  "conatus  sum  circa 
solium  sedentibus  carmen  recitare."  This  is  an  example  of  the  Greek 
use  of  the  dat.  to  refer  to  a  class,  But  Petron.  often  uses  the  part,  to 
refer,  without  its  noun,  to  a  particular  person  known  from  the  context. 
This  use  is  unclassical.  114,  "tu  inquit,  Encolpi,  succurre  periclitantibus 
{sc.  nobis);"  108,  "aderat  interpellanti  {sc.  Eumolpo)  mercennarius 
comes;"  79,  "neque  fax  ulla  in  praesidio  erat,  quae  iter  aperiret  errantibus 
(sc.  nobis)." 

Gen.:  The  most  frequent  use  of  the  gen.  is  in  cases  like  those  of 
the  dat.  already  noticed,  where  the  part,  refers  not  to  a  class  but  to  par- 
ticular persons,  e.  g.,  52,  "excipimus  urbanitatem  iocantis  {sc.  pueri);"  70, 
neuter  sententiam  tulit  decementis  (sc.  Trimalchionis)."  Sometimes  the  use 
is  classical,  i.  e.,  it  refers  to  a  general  class,  e.  g.,  70,  "pedes  recumbentium 
unxerunt;"  79,  "silentium  noctis  iam  mediae  promittebat  occurrentium 
lumen;"  114,  "Ecce  iam  amplexus  amantium  iratum  dividet  mare." 
But  even  in  these  cases  the  application  is  to  a  certain  extent  restricted,  and 
some  may  even  think  it  confined  to  the  persons  mentioned  in  the  context. 
Other  examples  of  the  unclassical  use  are:  108,  "plorantis  (sc.  mei);" 
108,  "saevientium;"  in,  "lugentis,  iacentis."  In  124  we  have  a  part, 
used  with  the  force  of  a  forward-moving  qiii-clause — ' '  incidimus  in  turbam 
heredipetarum  sciscitantium  quod  genus  hominum  aut  unde  veniremus." 

Abl. :  65,  "oneratusque  aliquot  coronis  et  unguento  per  frontem  in 
oculos  fluente;"  29,  "in  deficiente  vero  iam  porticu."  Here  the  part,  is 
used  instead  of  a  noun  with  a  dependent  gen.  The  construction  is  not 
frequent  in  Petron.,  though  common  in  Livy.  In  several  instances  the 
part,  when  used  in  the  abl.  becomes  almost  an  adjec;  e.  g.,  36,  "putares 
essedarium  hydraule  cantante  pugnare;"  30,  "distinguente  bulla." 


THE    PRESENT    PARTICIPLE  27 

II.    Used  Predicatively 

The  verb  video  is  followed  by  the  pres.  part,  as  its  complement  five 
times,  and  by  the  accus.  with  infin.  six  times,  though  videor  followed  by 
the  infm.  is  frequent.  The  instances  of  the  part,  are:  9,  "vidi  Gitona 
in  crepidine  semitae  stantem;"  7,  "video  quosdam  spatiantes,"  and  in  126 
the  sing,  of  the  same  part.;  92,  "ministrantem;"  27,  "ludentem."  It  is 
worthy  of  notice  that  in  three  of  the  six  cases  where  video  is  used  with 
the  accus.  and  infin.  it  has  the  meaning  of  "knowing,"  "understanding," 
a  force  which  would  not  permit  the  part,  to  be  used. 

Audio  occurs  once  with  the  pres.  part.,  140,  "ut  ilium  loquentem 
audirent,"  and  once  with  the  infin.,  104,  "audio  enim  non  licere  cuiquam" 
where  again  the  verb  audio  has  the  meaning  of  mental  perception. 

Other  verbs  used  with  the  part,  are  to  be  found  in  29,  "notavi  gregem 
cursorum  se  exercentem"  and  in  73,  102.  In  65,  "Habinam  intrantem 
spectabam." 

With  causative  verbs. — The  only  example  in  Petron.  of  the  use  of  the 
pres.  part,  as  complement  of  the  verb  jacio  is  in  75,  "suadeo,  milva,  me 
non  facias  ringentem."  No  examples  are  to  be  found  of  do  and  reddo 
used  in  this  way. 

III.  Used  as  an  Adjective 

Many  parts.,  since  the  time  of  Plant.,  had  come  to  be  used  as  adjecs. 
and  some  are  peculiar  to  Petron. 

Nom.  case:    43,  "homo  negotians;"    98,   "esuriens  Cyclops;"    fr. 
xxviii.  5.  8,  "calami  loquentes." 

Gen.:  32,  "digiti  sequentis;"  68,  "errantis  barbariae." 
Dat. :  67,  "ut  Fortunata  armillas  Scintillae  miranti  ostenderet." 
Accus.:  26,  "praesentem  procellam;"  53,  "circulos  ardentes."     Prob- 
ably in  31  the  part,  is  to  be  taken  predicatively:    "fuerunt  et  tomacula 
supra  craticulam  argenteam  ferventia  posita." 

Abl.:  In  addition  to  those  already  mentioned  under  ''Oblique  Cases" 
are  these:  29,  "cum  comu  abundanti;"  34,  "a  choro  cantante;"  64, 
"oleof  erven  ti." 

IV.  Used  as  a  Substantive 

The  number  of  parts,  which  have  acquired  the  force  of  nouns  does  not 
seem  to  be  large  in  Petron.,  but  the  peculiar  usage  already  referred  to  must 
be  again  noted  here.  Very  frequently  the  part,  is  used  to  refer  to  individuals, 
not  general  classes,  when  the  noun,  which  classical  usage  requires,  is  not 
present.     In  some  instances  the  part,  may  have  been  felt  as  a  noun  and 


28        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,   PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

the  effect  would  be  a  humorous  one,  as  often  in  English;  e.  g.,  72,  "quic- 
quid  enim  a  nobis  acceperat  de  cena,  latranti  sparserat."  One  may 
translate  this  "to  the  howler."  79,  "neque  fax  uUa  in  praesidio  erat, 
quae  iter  aperiret  errantibus,"  may  mean  "Show  the  way  to  the  wanderers." 
72,  "dum  natanti  opem  fero  in  eundem  gurgitem  tractus  sum."  Here 
natanti  may  be  translated  "to  the  swimmer,"  and  possibly  not  "to  him 
as  he  swam."  In  82  the  part,  has  clearly  the  force  of  a  noun — "furentisque 
more  omnes  circumeo  porticus." 

APULEIUS 
As  we  have  seen  in  the  case  of  Petron.,  in  narrative  style  there  is  a 
tendency  to  use  the  pres.  part,  rather  freely,  especially  in  describing  a 
succession  of  events.  Not  infrequently  the  principal  verb  refers  to  a  single 
event  while  the  parts,  describe  some  act  or  situation  preceding  this  event 
or  continuing  along  with  it.  Apul.  furnishes  numerous  examples  of  this 
usage  which,  though  perfectly  clear  and  natural,  is  not  strictly  in  accord 
with  the  classical  norm.  e.  g.,  M.  i.  16,  "Atque  ego  de  alto  decidens,  Soc- 
raten  superruo;"  ii.  8,  "Haec  dicens,  in  me  respexit  et  risit;"  Apol.  2,3, 
(Oud.,  p.  472),  "sed  enim  feminal  nullo  pacto  reperiens  munditer  dicere 
ad  mea  scripta  confugit;"  M.  iv.  21,  "quidam  procurrens  e  domo  lanceam 
mediis  iniecit  ursae  praecordiis." 

I.    Participles  with  True  Participial  Force 

QUALIFYING   THE   SUBJECT 

The  pres.  part,  is  used  by  Apul.  to  qualify  the  subject  with  many 
different  forces  which  may  be  grouped  as  follows: 

(a)  Those  expressing  the  mental  state  of  the  subject.  M.  i.  19,  "Ipse 
trepidus  et  eximie  metuens  mihi  per  diversas  et  avias  solitudines  aufugi;" 
ii.  II,  "ac  si  in  Avemum  lacum  formidans  deieceram;"  iv.  3,  "cum 
grandi  baculo  furens  decurrit;"  iv.  32,  "cupiens  eius  nuptiarum  petitor 
accedit;"  vii.  15,  "  gaudens  laetusque  praecurrebam." 

(b)  Those  expressing  the  state,  situation,  or  condition  of  the  subject, 
e.  g.,  M.  i.  12,  "at  hie  bonus  humi  prostratus  grabatulo  succubans  iacet; 
V.  28,  "in  thalamo  matris  iacens  ingemebat;"  vi.  23,  "pro  sede  sublimi 
sedens  procerus  lupiter  sic  enuntiat;"  i.  7,  "lassus  ipse  fatigatum  aegerrime 
sustinens  perduco;"  Apol.  18  (Oud.,  p.  435),  "filiae  ad  maritos  ierunt 
portantes  gloriam  domesticam,  pecuniam  publicam." 

{c)  Those  expressing  the  manner  of  the  action,  e.  g.,  M.  ii.  4,  "si  fontes, 
qui  deae  vestigio  discurrentes  in  lenem  vibrantur  undam;"  ii.  7,  "in 
orbis  flexibus  crebra  succutiens  et  simul  membra  sua  leniter  illubricans, 


THE   PRESENT   PARTICIPLE  '  29 

lumbis  sensim  vibrantibus  spinam   mobilem   quatiens  placide   decenter 
undabat." 

(d)  Those  expressing  the  means  by  which  the  act  is  performed,  with 
the  force  of  a  gerund  in  the  abl.,  e.  g.,  M.  v.  15,  "sed  ad  destinatam  fraudium 
pedicam  sermonem  conferentes,  dissimulanter  occipiunt  sciscitari  ....;" 
i.  7,  "operulas  etiam,  quas  adhuc  vegetus  saccariam  faciens  merebam." 

(e)  Those  which  have  temporal  force,  e.  g.,  Apol.  72  (Oud.,  p.  545), 
"fortene  an  fato  ego  advenio  pergens  Alexandriam;"  M.  vi.  18,  "Moriens 
(when  dying)  pauper  viaticum  debet  quaerere;"  Apol.  96  (Oud.,  p.  590), 
"Litteras  tamen  quas  ad  me  Carthagine  vel  iam  adveniens  ex  itinere 
praemisit." 

(/)  Those  which  express  the  reason  or  cause  of  the  action,  e.  g.,  M. 
i.  9,  "ea  bestia  captivitatis  metuens  ab  insequentibus  se  liberat;"  vii. 
25,  ''nee  invitus  ego  cursui  me  commodabam,  relinquens  atrocissimam 
virilitatis  lanienam;"  Apol.  15  (Oud.,  p.  421),  qui  se  neque  pingi  neque 
fingi  unquam  diffidens  formae  suae  passus  est;"  Apol.  20  (Oud.,  p.  437), 
"hi  philosophi  non  ultra  volentes  quam  poterant  dites  et  beati  fuerunt;" 
73  (Oud.,  p.  548),  "sin  haec  reputans  formae  et  divitiarum  gratia  me  ad 
aliam  condicionem  reservarem." 

(g)  Those  used  with  adversative  force,  e.  g.,  Apol.  60  (Oud.,  p.  528), 
"cuius  stupra  sciens  dissimulat;"  Apol.  73  (Oud.,  p.  549),  "sed  utpote 
peregrination  is  cupiens  impedimentum  matrimonii  aliquantisper  recusa- 
veram;"  Apol.  99  (Oud.,  p.  596),  "quis  vel  aeque  ut  ego  spemens  here- 
ditatis,  tamen  vindicari  de  tam  inoflficioso  privigno  non  recussasset  ? " 
M.  i.  14,  "cui  videbor  veri  similia  dicere,  proferens  vera?" 

IN   OBLIQUE   CASES 

Accus. :  This  case  occurs  very  frequently  and  is  used  with  a  variety 
of  forces.  Very  often  the  part,  is  used  where  classical  writers  would  be 
more  likely  to  use  a  relative  clause,  e.  g.,  M.  iii.  2,  "trahere  me  sane  non 
renitentem  occipiunt;"  iii.  3,  "conspicio  istum  crudelissimum  iuvenem 
mucrone  destricto  passim  caedibus  operantem  iamque  tris  numero  saevitia 
eius  interemptos,  ante  pedes  ipsius  spirantes  adhuc  corporibus  in  multo 
sanguine  palpitantes."  Sometimes  it  has  a  temporal  force,  e.  g.,  M.  iv. 
31,  "Talis  ad  Oceanum  pergentem  Venerem  comitatur  exercitus."  Some- 
times it  expresses  a  reason,  e.  g.,  M.  viii.  15,  "nee  me  pondus  sarcinae 
quamquam  enormis  urguebat,  quippe  gaudiali  fuga  detestabilem  ilium 
exectorem  virilitatis  meae  relinquentem." 

Gen.:  M.  i.  4,  "mollitie  cibi  glutinosi  faucibus  inhaerentis  et  meacula 
spiritus  distinentis  minimo  minus  interii;"   M.  iii.  2,  "nam  inter  tot  milia 


30        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN  PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,   AND   APULEIUS 

populi  circumsedentis."  The  use  of  the  pres.  part,  to  describe  a  general 
class  is  very  common,  and  the  gen.  case  is  frequent;  e.  g.,  M.  ii.  21,  "et 
ad  quempiam  praetereuntium;"  ii.  30,  "Ac  dum  directis  digitis  et  detortis 
nutibus  praesentium  denotor,  dum  risus  ebuUit,  inter  pedes  circumstantium 
frigido  sudore  diffluens  evado."  Other  words  so  used  are  M.  i.  10,  "inhab- 
itantium;"   i.  19,  "commeantium;"   ii.  13,  "circumstantium." 

Dat.:  M.  i.  16,  "tu  mihi  ad  inferos  festinanti  subministra  telum  salu- 
tare;"  i.  19,  "ut  mihi  prae  metu  noctumas  etiam  Furias  illas  imaginanti;" 
ii.  12,  "mihi  denique  proventum  huius  peregrination  is  inquirenti  multa 
respondit;"  v.  6,  "Age  iam  nunc  ut  voles,  et  animo  tua  damnosa  poscenti 
pareto." 

Frequently  the  dat.  is  used  in  reference  to  a  class,  e.  g.,  M.  ii.  4,  "signum 
— introeuntibus  obvium;"  vi.  4,  "Quod  sciam,  soles  praegnatibus  peri- 
clitantibus  ultro  subvenire;"  iii.  3,  "sed  providentia  deum,  quae  nihil 
impunitum  nocentibus  permittit." 

Abl. :  This  case  does  not  occur  frequently,  though  some  of  the  apparent 
abl.  constructions  may  possibly  be  explained  as  simple  abls.  of  manner 
or  means,  e.  g.,  M.  ii.  4,  "Atria  longe  pulcherrima  columnis  quadrifariam 
per  singulos  angulos  stantibus  attollerabant  statuas  palmaris  deae  facies." 
Undoubted  examples  of  its  use  where  the  construction  is  certainly  not  the 
abl.  abs.  are:  Apol.  38  (Oud.,  p.  481),  "pauca  etiam  de  Latinis  scriptis 
meis  ad  eandem  peritiam  pertinentibus  legi  iubebo."  The  construction  of 
the  part,  with  the  noun  after  the  model  of  "ab  urbe  condita"  is  seldom 
found  in  Apul.  I  have  found  these  instances  of  the  present  part. :  Apol. 
V  (Oud.,  p.  390),  "ab  ineunte  aevo;"  iv.  (Oud.,  p.  419),  "ab  ineunte 
pueritia  ad  abeuntem  senectam." 

II.     Used  Predicatively 

The  pres.  part,  occurs  frequently  as  the  complement  of  the  verbs  audio, 
video,  conspicio,  invenio,  specto,  and  other  verbs,  e.  g.,  Apol.  vii  (Oud.,  p. 
393),  "vidi  ego  dudum  vix  risum  quosdam  tenentes;"  xi  (Oud.,  p.  410), 
"CatuUum  ita  respondentem  malevolis  non  legistis;"  57  (Oud.,  p.  522), 
"Ulixes  fumum  terra  sua  emergentem  prospectans;"  M.  i.  19,  "eumque 
avide  esitantem  aspiciens,  aliquanto  intentiore  acie  pallore  buxeo  defici- 
entem  video;"  i.  22,  "Intuli  me  eumque  accubantem  exiguo  admodum 
grabatulo  et  commodum  cenare  incipientem  invenio." 

III.    Used  as  an  Adjective 

The  number  of  parts,  used  by  Apul.  which  can  be  translated  by  common 
English  adjecs.  is  very  large.     Some  of  the  more  uncommon  ones  are 


THE   PRESENT   PARTICIPLE  3 1 

M.  i.  8,  "lingua  intemperante ; "  i.  12,  "praecedentis  dicacitatis  et  instantis 
curiositatis;"  i.  23,  sufficientem  supellectilem ; "  ii.  10,  "morsicanlibus 
(winking)  oculis;"  ii.  31,  "titubante  vestigio;"  ii.  10,  "patentis  oris  et 
occursantis  linguae." 

IV.    Used  as  a  Substantive 

Of  this  use  I  have  not  found  many  examples,  outside  of  the  philo- 
sophical works  in  which  many  parts,  are  used  as  abstract  nouns.  A  few 
examples  may  be  cited,  however,  from  the  Met.:  i.  9,  "ab  insequentibus 
liberat;"  iii.  5,  "secum  iam  de  inhabitantium  exitio  deliberantes  quam 
viribus  dormientes  aggrediamur." 


CHAPTER  III 

FUTURE  ACTIVE  PARTICIPLE 

The  difference  between  the  old  Latin  and  the  late  in  the  use  of  parts, 
is  most  noticeable  in  the  case  of  the  fut.  act.  part.  In  the  early  writers, 
including  Plaut.  and  Ter.,  it  is  always  joined  with  the  verb  esse  to  form  the 
active  periphrastic  conjugation.  The  part,  is  not  used  independently 
till  the  time  of  Cic,  and  then  in  a  few  instances  only.  Landgraf^  has 
given  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  development  of  its  independent  use 
and,  like  Drager,^  Schmalz,^  and  other  grammarians,  states  that  the  use 
of  the  independent  fut.  act.  part,  is  rare  before  Livy.  He  arranges  its 
uses  in  the  earlier  writers  in  three  groups:  (i)  Where  it  is  equivalent  to  an 
adjec. ;  (2)  where  it  is  used  as  a  true  verbal;  (3)  where  it  expresses  purpose, 
being  the  equivalent  of  a  supine  or  a  dependent  clause.  In  the  first  group 
the  only  fut.  part,  so  employed  isfuturus,  which  is  used  by  Cic.  with  res 
and  a  few  other  words.  The  full  list  is  given  by  Hoppe.^  Caes.  uses 
futurus  in  this  way  only  once  and  in  the  case  in  question  with  tempus. 
Virgil  and  other  poets  have  a  few  examples  of  this  word  and  of  other  fut. 
act.  parts,  used  with  similar  meaning,  e.  g.,  Aen.  iii.  158,  "venturos  nepotes." 
Of  the  second  group  probably  the  earliest  example  we  have  is  the  quotation 
from  Ennius  given  by  Cic.  In  Tusc.  iii.  28,  "ego  cum  genui,  tum  morituros 
scivi."  This  use  does  not  occur  in  Plaut.  or  Ter.  In  Cic.  a  few  instances 
can  be  cited  from  the  Letters  and  in  a  few  other  cases  the  text  is  doubtful, 
e.  g.,  Ad.  Qu.fr.  ii.  5,  "exiturus;"  Ad.  Att.  v.  15.  3,  "redituro"  and  viii. 
9.  2,  "quid  agenti,"  "quid  acturo."  In  Sallust  the  examples  are  a  little 
more  numerous;  and  with  him  also  parts,  of  the  third  class,  those  expressing 
purpose,  come  into  use,  though  Gellius,  ii.  10.  4,  quotes  a  phrase  from  a 
speech  of  C.  Gracchus  which  exhibits  the  use — "qui  prodeunt  dissausuri." 
In  Cic.  Verr.  i.  56,  "P.  Servilius  adest  de  te  sententiam  laturus,"  although 
the  part,  is  still  used  with  the  verb  its  force  is  clearly  that  of  purpose,  so 
that  the  example  seems  to  give  us  an  idea  of  the  origin  of  a  use  which 

1  Archivfiir  lat.  Lex.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  47:  "Die  Anfange  des selbstandigen  Gebrauches 
des  Particip.  fut.  act." 

2  Hist.  Syn.  II,  §  573. 

3  Mailer's  Handhuch,  Vol.  II,  §  108. 

4  Zm  den  Fragmenten  u.  d.  Sprache  Ciceros,  Gumbinnen,  1875,  §  10.  Brenous, 
Les  hellenismes,  p.  349,  thinks  the  use  a  Grecism. 

32 


FUTURE   ACTIVE   PARTICIPLE  ;^;^ 

became  a  favorite  one  with  the  later  writers.     It  was  used  most  extensively 
by  Tac.  and  is  an  essentially  post-classical  development.' 

PLAUTUS 

In  Plant,  and  Ter.,  as  we  have  said,  the  fut.  jmrt.  is  always  joined  to  the 
verb  esse;  but,  nevertheless,  it  is  used  in  a  variety  of  ways.  The  peri- 
phrastic conjugation  may  express  action  that  is  taking  place  now  or  "an 
action  impending,  resolved  on,  or  destined,  at  the  time  indicated  by  the 
tense  of  the  verb."^  "The  fut.  act.  part,  is  a  verbal  adjec.  expressing 
capability  or  tendency. "^  and  consequently  when  joined  with  the  verb 
may  sometimes  even  in  early  Latin  be  practically  a  predicate  adjec.  These 
various  forces  of  the  act.  periphrastic  conjugation  may  be  illustrated 
from  the  foUowng  passages: 

Amph.  263,  "Attat;  illic  hue  iturust,  ibo  ego  illic  obviam."  In  the 
first  verb  the  action  is  represented  as  now  taking  place;  the  second  is 
the  statement  of  a  future  act. 

-^^-  357>  "Ille  in  baHneas  iturust;  inde  hue  veniet  postea."  The 
periphrastic  verb  is  used  of  an  action  which  the  subject  intends,  or  is 
about,  to  do;  i.  e.,  the  present  situation  is  intimately  connected  with  the 
fut.  act;  the  simple  verb  refers  to  an  action  to  be  done  at  a  future  time  and 
has  nothing  in  common  with  the  time  that  now  is. 

Trin..^6,  "Vivit  victuraque  est"  is  said  of  an  action  neither  beginning 
nor  impending,  but  is  used  to  describe  the  condition  or  nature  of  one  who  is 
capable  of  doing  so  and  so.  In  fact  the  fut.  part,  here  approaches  nearly 
the  force  of  an  adjec. 

Rud.  467,  "Ubi  tu's?  etiamne  hanc  urnam  acceptura's?  ubi's?"  Here 
the  participial  construction  has  the  force  of  a  command,  the  part,  itself 
probably  having  the  notion  of  intention,  which  is  thus  impatiently  inquired 
about,'*  "aren't  you  going  to  take  it?" 

Ps.  387,  "quid  es  facturus?"  "what  are  you  going  to  do,"  i.  e.,  "what 
do  you  plan  to  do  ?"  Here  the  part,  expresses  a  meditated  action,  as  also 
in  Ps.  396. 

Most.  604,  "Daturin  estis  faenus?"     "Won't  you  give  it  ?" 

Other  examples  of  this  are  numerous,  e.  g.,  Poen.  167;  Ps.  565;  Bac. 
716;  Mil.  202. 

The  fut.  part,  in  fut.  infinitive.     Plant,  frequently  omits  esse,  but  it 

I  Kiihner,  II,  i,  p.  576.  =  Lane's  Lat.  Gram.,  §  1633. 

3  Gildersleeve's  Lat.  Gram.,  §  247. 

4  Sonnenschein's  note  on  this  passage  is  "etiamne  and  etiam,  when  introducing 
impatient  questions,  equivalent  to  commands,  take  either  the  fut.  part,  with  sum  or  the 
pres.  indie." 


34        THE  PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,   AND   APULEIUS 

is  doubtful  if  there  is  any  distinction  to  be  drawn  between  the  cases  where 
it  is  present  and  those  where  it  is  omitted.  Later  writers  for  the  most  part 
omit  esse. 

Examples  of  the  omission  for  Plaut.  are:  Cure.  325,  "postquam  scimus 
venturum;"  True.  430,  "munus  to  curaturum  scio;"  Amph.  22,  "sciebat 
facturos." 

Examples  of  the  use  of  it  are:  Mil.  11 97,  "nam  ilium  hue  sat  scio  iam 
exiturum  esse  intus;"  Ps.  105,  "spero  aliunde  hodie  me  inventurum  esse." 

The  nom.  of  the  part,  in  connection  with  the  infinitive  is  rare.  An 
example  is  found  in  True.  85,  "is  nunc  dicitur  venturus  peregre." 

PETRONIUS 

In  Petron.  all  the  uses  found  in  Plaut.  appear  in  greater  abundance 
together  with  other  uses  not  known  to  Plaut.  Livy  uses  very  freely  the 
independent  part.,  and  after  him  it  continued  to  be  a  favorite,  owing  to  the 
ease  and  brevity  which  it  afforded  for  expression.' 

I.  Used  as  an  adjec:  Certain  parts,  after  the  time  of  Sallust  and  Livy 
became  common  as  adjecs.  and  were  so  used  by  all  subsequent  writers. 
Petron.  augmented  the  list  and  uses  with  pure  adjectival  force  some  parts, 
not  so  used  before  his  time;  viz.,  iii,  "dolore  supervacuo  ac  nihil  pro- 
futuro  gemitu;"  115,  "tanquam  intersit,  periturum  corpus  quae  ratio 
consimiat." 

IL  Used  as  a  pure  part,  governing  some  word  as  a  verb,  and  in  agree- 
ment with  some  noun  as  an  adjec:  This  use  is  exceedingly  common  in 
Petron.,  more  so  than  in  any  previous  WTiter.  88,  "Summumque  certamen 
inter  homines  erat,  ne  quid  profuturum  saeculis  diu  lateret."  Here  the 
part,  is  equivalent  to  a  relative  clause.  99,  "Ego  sic  semper  et  ubique  vixi, 
ut  ultimam  quamque  lucem  tanquam  non  redituram  consumerem."  The 
usual  construction  in  such  a  case  as  this  would  be  the  finite  verb  in  the 
subjunctive.  But  the  simple  participial  expression  is  briefer  and  just  as 
clear.  The  use  of  the  part,  with  tanquam,  quamvis,  etc.,  became  a 
favorite  construction  with  Tac.  Another  example  of  tamquam  with  the 
part,  is  found  in  102,  "ita,  vero,  inquam  ego,  tamquam  solidos  alligaturus, 
quibus  non  soleat  venter  iniuriam  facere." 

IIL  Denoting  intention:  (a)  In  periphrastic  form:  94,  "ego  si  te 
non  invenissem,  periturus  per  praecipitia  fui;"  115,  "nempe  diem  etiam, 
quo  venturus  esset  in  patriam,  animo  suo  fixit."  In  102  the  verb  expresses 
perplexity,  "Si  diutiusaut  tranquillitas  not'  tenuerit  aut  adversa  tempestas? 
quid  facturi  sumus?" 

I  Kuhner,  II,  i,  p.  524;  Miiller's  Handbiich,  §  104. 


FUTURE  ACTIVE   PARTICIPLE  35 

(6)  As  pure  part,  without  verb:  140,  "access!  {sc.  fratrem)  temptaturus, 
an  pateretur  iniuriam;"  108,  "Saepius  ego  cultrum  tonsorium  super 
iugulum  meum  posui  non  magis  me  occisurus,  quam  Giton,  quod  mina- 
batur  facturus;"  83,  "Juppiter  in  caelo  suo  non  invenit  quod  diligeret, 
sed  peccaturus  in  terris,  nemini  tamen  iniuriam  fecit." 

The  periphrastic  forms  with  the  verb  expressed  are  not  numerous  in 
Petron.,  and  those  not  already  mentioned  may  be  here  given:  45,  "et 
ecce  habituri  sumus  munus  excellente  in  triduo  die  festa  ....  ferrum 
optimimi  daturus  est,"  "We  are  going  to  have  ....  he  is  going  to  give;" 
44,  "quid  enim  futurum  est,  si  nee  dii  nee  homines  huius  coloniae  miser- 
entur?"  115;  "quicquid  feceris,  omnia  haec  eodem  ventura  sunt." 
This  expression  is  quite  different  from  the  simple  form  venient.  The 
part,  is  really  a  characterizing  adjec,  describing  the  nature  of  the  subject, 
havdng  much  the  same  force  as  redittiram  in  99  and  of  victuram  in  Plant. 
Trin.  56.  loi,  "iurat  se  in  navigium  comites  induxisse,  quo  ipse  iam 
fuerit  usurus." 

When  the  fut.  infin.  is  used  in  oratio  ohliqua  the  part,  is  usually  not 
accompanied  by  esse.  Esse  is  found,  however,  in  no,  "quam  expositurum 
se  esse,  si  vellemus  audire;   72,  "cum  sciamus  nos  morituros  esse." 

It  is  omitted  in  117,  "Mercennarius  Corax,  detractor  ....  afSrmabat 
se  aut  proiecturum  sarcinas  aut  cum  onere  fugiturum;"  108,  "negat 
Eumolpus  passurum  se  ut  quisquam  sed  intentans  in  oculos  Tryphaenae 
manus  usurum  me  clamavi.  uno  tantum  gubernatore  relicturum  se  navis 
ministerium  denuntiante.  minatus  se  abscisurum  tot  miseriarum  causam. 
cum  apparet  futurum  non  tralaticium  bellum." 

This  last  example  serves  very  well  to  show  the  freedom  with  which  the 
construction  was  used  by  Petron.,  for  in  less  than  half  a  page  there  are  five 
fut.  act.  parts,  with  esse  omitted,  all  introduced  by  words  of  different  meaning. 
There  are  nineteen  cases  of  the  infin.  without  esse  and  four  with  esse  in 
Petron.'  The  use  already  noticed  in  the  case  of  the  pres.  and  perf.  part, 
by  which  a  definite  person,  not  a  class,  is  referred  to,  is  also  frequent  with 
the  fut.  act.  part.:  112,  "commodaret  modo  ilia  perituro  {sc.  militi)  locum;" 
137,  "epulasque  etiam  lautas  paulo  ante,  ut  ipsa  dicebat,  perituro  {sc. 
mihi)  paravit." 

APULEIUS 

Although  probably  no  other  Latin  writer  used  parts,  to  such  an  extent 
as  Apul.  he  is  not  a  great  innovator  in  the  variety  of  usages  employed,  as 
some  constructions  found   in   Liv.  and  Tac.  rarely  occur  in   his  pages. 

'  According  to  Postgate's  counting  (see  Indogerm.  Forschung.,  IV,  p.  252);  though 
I  have  counted  twenty-two  cases  of  the  first  kind. 


36        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

But  in  his  frequent  use  of  participial  constructions  he  affords  a  fine  example 
of  the  floridity,  redundancy,  and  even  at  times  of  the  brevity  characteristic 
of  the  later  Latin.  In  regard  to  the  fut.  act.  part,  he  shows  in  general  the 
same  usages  as  Petron.,  but  of  course  a  much  greater  number. 

I.  As  adjec:  Apul.  offers  no  remarkable  instances  of  this  use,  though 
he  freely  uses  the  gerundive  as  an  adjec.  The  part,  fukirus  is  almost 
the  only  one  that  can  be  said  to  be  used  as  an  adjec.  and  even  it  retains 
something  of  its  verbal  force. 

M.  iv.  13,  "floridae  picturae,  decora  futurae  venationis  receptacula;" 
viii.  2,  "Salutique  praesenti  ac  futurae  suboli  novorum  maritorum  gaudi- 
bundus;"  vi.  5,  "principium  futurae  secvun  meditabatur  obsecrationis." 
The  word  profutura  may  in  a  few  cases  be  considered  as  an  adjec,  since 
it  can  be  rendered  in  EngUsh  by  "profitable." 

M.  iii.  3,  "nee  parva  res  et  exemplo  serio  profutura  tractatur;"  De 
dog.  Plat.  (Oud.,  p.  230),  "nihil  profutura  curatio." 

Moriturus  occurs  often  but  never  in  the  sense  of  mortalis,  nor  has 
venturuni  anything  of  the  force  oifuturum. 

We  should  notice  here  the  numerous  classes  of  adjecs.,  formed  from 
verbs,  which  Apul.  uses  with  the  force  of  parts.  Those  in  -bundus^  are 
especially  common.  Whatever  may  be  the  origin  of  these  forms^  they 
certainly  possess  that  double  function  of  adjec.  and  verb,  which  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  part.  Examples  are:  M.  iii.  i,  "ipsum  denique  carnificem 
imaginabundus;"  iii.  21,  "sui  periclitabunda  paulatim  terra  resultat;" 
iv.  16,  "Multi  numero  mirabundi  bestiam  confluebant ; "  v.  27,  "Psyche 
rursus  errabundo  gradu  pervenit  ad  civitatem."  Other  examples  found 
in  Apul.  are  Apol.  (Oud.,  p.  566),  "bacchabundus;"  Deo.  Soc.  (Oud.,  p. 
145),  "auxiliabunda;"  M.  viii.  2,  "gaudibundus;"  ii.  19,  "murmurabun- 
dus."  Also  "rimabunda"  (Deo  Soc,  p.  126),  "certabundus"  {Apol.  p. 
442),  " excusabunda "  (p.  561),  " osculabundus "  (p.  587). 

II.  Pure  part.:  As  all  the  fut.  parts,  in  Apul.  express  something  more 
than  mere  futurity,  it  will  be  most  convenient  to  classify  them  according 
to  their  various  shades  of  meaning. 

(a)  Expectation:  M.  vi.  14,  "At  ilia  studiose  petit  tumulum,  certe 
illic  inventura  vitae  pessimae  finem;"  vii.  15,  "Et  sane  gaudens  laetus- 
que  praecurrebam,  sarcinis  et  ceteris  oneribus  iam  nunc  renuntiaturus ; 
nanctaque  libertate,  rosas  utique  reperturus  aliquas." 

(b)  Concessive  force  or  force  of  resignation,  as  in  the  first  of  the  two 

1  Cf.  Kretschmann,  De  Latinitate  L.  Apulei  Madaurensis,  p.  50. 

2  Lindsay  connects  them  with  the  gerundive  suffix  -ndo.  See  Latin  Language, 
P-  544- 


FUTURE   ACTIVE   PARTICIPLE  37 

in  M.  vii.  24,  "Inedia  denique  conlinua  vel  praecipiti  ruina  memet  ipse 
quaerebam  exstinguere,  moriturus  cquidem  nihilominus,  sed  moriturus 
integer."     The  second  moriturus  expresses  determination. 

(c)  Purpose,  intention,  determination:  M.  i.  5,  "festinus  adcucurri,  id 
omne  praestinaturus;"  i.  7,  "per  transitum  spectaculum  obiturus;"  v.  31, 
"meo  pectori  violentiam  scilicet  perpetraturae  venitis;"  vi.  12,  "Perrexit 
Psyche  volenter,  non  obsequium  quidem  ilia  functura,  sed  requiem  malorum 
habitura." 

This  is  the  commonest  use  of  the  fut.  part,  in  ApuL,  nearly  every  chapter 
containing  one  or  more  examples  of  it. 

(d)  When  the  intention  of  the  subject  of  the  verb  is  expressed  by  the 
fut.  part,  in  agreement  with  the  object,  the  part,  becomes  equivalent  to 
an  expression  of  what  is  doomed,  fated,  assigned,  etc.  Numerous  examples 
of  this  can  be  found,  but  a  few  will  suffice  to  show  the  range  of  the  use. 
M.  vi.  25,  "me  et  equum  vectores  rerum  illarum  futuros  fustibus  exinde 
tundentes  producunt  in  viam;"  vi.  26,  "eum  vulturiis  gratissimum  pabulum 
futurum  praecipitabo;"  vii.  2,  "equum  namque  ilium  suum  candidum 
vectorem  futurum  duxisse  secum  (  =  quo  veheretur);"  vii.  9,  "potent 
puellam  istam  praestinare,  condigne  natahbus  suis  fornicem  processuram, 
nee  in  similem  fugam  discursuram,  non  nihil  etiam,  cum  lupanari  servient, 
vindictae  vobis  depensuram." 

(e)  Promise:  M.  vi.  8,  "conveniat  retro  metas  Murtias  Mercurium 
praedicatorem  accepturus  indicinae  nomine  ab  ipsa  Venere  septem  savia;" 
vii.  8,  "Meque  nobis  ducem  fidissimum,  si  tamen  non  recusatis,  offero 
bre\i  temporis  spatio  lapideam  istam  domum  vestram  factunis  auream." 

(/")  Threat:  M.  vi.  8,  "sed  bene,  quod  meas  potissimum  manus  incid- 
isti,  datura  sciUcet  actutum  tantae  contumaciae  poenas." 

(g)  Reason,  cause — accus.  case:  M.  vii.  24,  "in  novissima  parte 
corporis  totiun  me  periturum  deflebam." 

(h)  Mere  situation  unaccompanied  by  any  other  idea  is  rare:  M.  ii, 
4,  "Actaeon  loturam  Dianam  opperiens  visitur;"  iv.  13,  "Ibi  famam 
celebrem  quodam  super  Demochare  munus  edituro  gladiatorium  depre- 
hendimus;"  vii.  27,  "An  ipsum  saepius  incursare  calcibus  potuisti,  mori- 
turum  vero  defendere  alacritate  simili  nequisti;"  vii.  27,  "An  ignoras 
eos  etiam  qui  morituris  auxilium  salutare  denegarint,  solere  puniri?" 

III.  The  infinitive  esse  is  not  found  in  combination  with  the  fut.  part, 
in  any  of  the  works  of  Apuleius  except  the  philosophical  treatises,  where 
more  exactness  of  expression  is  required  and  the  language  is  more  formal. 
But  even  there  only  three  instances  can  be  cited,  viz.,  De  dog.  Plat.  i.  10 
(Oud.,  p.  201),  "perituramque  esse  observationem  computationis  huius, 


38        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

si  hie  olim  choiiis  antiquus  steterit;"  ii.  23,  "quamvis  sciat  se  terrenis 
relictis  consecuturum  esse  meliora;"  De  niund.  xxv  (345),  "dico  nun- 
quam  commissuros  esse,  ut  id  suis  manibus  factum  vclint." 

One  example  W\\hfidsse  in  Apol.  Win,  "me  facturum  fuisse." 
The  cases  where  the  infinitive  is  omitted  are  very  numerous.  Two 
examples  will  suffice:  M.  ii.  i,  "lam  statuas  et  imagines  incessuras,  parietes 
locuturos,  boves  et  id  genus  pecua  dicturas  praesagium,  de  ipso  vero 
coelo  et  iubaris  orbe  subito  venturum  oraculum;"  vii.  27,  "impune  se 
laturum  tantum  scelus  credit  at  utrumque  se  praesumit  innocentem  (sc. 
habendum  esse)."  In  the  last  clause  we  see  that  the  whole  of  the  infinitive 
must  be  supplied. 

IV.  Grecism:  In  M.  vii.  14,  the  fut.  part,  is  used  in  the  nom.  case 
instead  of  the  accusative  with  the  infinitive.  This  construction  is  generally 
looked  upon  as  a  Grecism^  of  the  same  nature  as  the  expression  in  CatuU, 
iv.  2,  "Phaselus  ait  fuisse  navium  celerrimus"  and  Virg.  Aen.  ii.  377, 
"sensit  medios  delapsus  in  hostes."  The  sentence  in  Apul.  runs  thus: 
"non  destitit,  quoad  summos  illi  promitterent  honores  habituri  mihi 
(se  habituros  esse)."     (See  Postgate,  Indogerm.  Forschung.,  IV.  p.  257.) 

V.  At  least  two  constructions  of  the  fut.  part,  found  in  some  other 
authors  are  lacking  in  Apul.:  (i)  its  use  in  the  abl.  abs.,^  which  according 
to  Schmalz,3  came  in  with  Asinius  PoUio  and  occurs  with  some  frequency 
in  Liv.;    (2)  its  use  as  a  substantive. 

Note. — Article  by  Postgate  in  Indogerm.  Forschung,,  IV,  Part  II,  p.  252, 
on  the  "fut.  infin.  act.  in  Latin."  He  shows  that  in  various  writers  the  forms 
without  esse  greatly  outaumber  those  with  esse,  and  concludes  that  the  fut.  inf.  act. 
is  not  formed  from  the  fut.  part,  either  with  or  without  e^^e,  but  was  originally 
an  indeclinable  form  in  -turum.  The  declinable  form  came  in  by  way  of  attraction. 
The  insertion  of  esse  was  due  to  the  idea  that  -tirum  was  a  neut.  sing. 

I  See  Brenous,  Les  hellenismes,  p.  328;   Schmalz,  Lat.  Synt.,  283. 

a  Brenous,  p.  354,  classifies  this  also  as  a  Grecism. 

3  Uber  Sprach.  d.  A.  Pollio,  p.  28;  Miiller's  Handhuch,  104;  Drager,  II,  790. 


CHAPTER  IV 

ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE 

This  construction  is  discussed  by  most  grammarians'  under  the  head 
of  the  abl.,  though  the  fuller  treatment  of  its  uses  is  given  under  adverbial 
clauses.^  Emmanuel  HoflFman^  maintains  that  it  cannot  properly  be 
classified  under  the  partcipial  constructions  because  the  part,  is  an  essential 
member  of  it,  while  on  the  other  hand  it  is  not  to  be  classed  with  adverbial 
clauses.  He  commends  in  part  IMadvig's  definition,-*  who  was,  he  thinks, 
the  first  grammarian  to  feel  that  the  characteristic  of  the  abl.  abs.  does  not 
consist  in  the  part,  but  rather  in  the  relation  which  exists  between  the 
substantive  and  the  accompanying  object,  part.,  or  other  substantive. 
Hoffman  does  not  think  "apposition"  an  adequate  word  to  express  the 
relation  between  the  noun  and  the  part,  or  other  word  to  which  it  is  joined. 
For  a  word  in  an  attributive  or  appositive  relation  could  be  paraphrased 
by  a  relative  clause,  while  the  part.,  adjec,  or  noun  of  the  abl.  abs.  is  in 
a  predicate  relation  and  would  be  the  equivalent  of  an  adverbial  clause 
with  cum.  Hoffman,  therefore,  gives  this  definition:  "Ein  mit  pradica- 
tiven  Bestimmung  versehener  Ablativ." 

The  origin  of  the  construction  is  much  debated.  Delbrucks  thinks 
it  is  to  be  found  in  the  Indo-European  locative.  He  says  that  functions 
performed  by  the  abl.  abs.  are  not  those  of  the  true  abl.,  but  primarily 
only  those  of  the  locative,  to  which  some  of  the  instrumental  were  added 

'  Roby,  1240,  calls  it  the  "abl.  of  attendant  circumstances"  under  which  an 
action  takes  place,  or  an  assertion  is  made.  Gildersleeve,  409,  says,  "The  so-called 
abl.  abs.  is  an  abl.  combined  with  a  part,  and  serves  to  modify  the  verbal  predicate  of 
the  sentence.  Instead  of  the  part,  a  predicate  substantive  or  adjec.  can  be  employed." 
Lane,  1362:  "The  abl.  of  a  substantive,  with  a  predicate  part,  in  agreement,  is  used 
to  denote  an  attendant  circimistance  of  an  action."     Cf.  Drager,  II,  §  578. 

2  Kuhner,  II,  i,  139  ff. 

3  Neue  Jahrb.fur  Phil.,  No.  Ill,  p.  783. 

4  Msidvig's  Lateinische  Sprachlehre,  §  277;  "Ein  Substantiv  (oder  substantivisches 
Pronomen)  mit  einem  Adjectiv,  einem  Participium  oder  einem  anderen  Substantiv, 
durch  Apposition  verbunden  (rege  vivo,  rege  duce)  tritt  im  Ablativ  zu  einem  Satze, 
um  den  Umstand  zubezeichnen,  das  im  Satze  ausgesagte  wahrend  jenes  Zustandes 
der  erwahnten  Person  oder  Sache  geschicht." 

5  Ablativ  localis  instruvientalis  in  altindischen,  lateinischen,  griechischen  und 
deutschen,  Berlin,  1S67.  Cf.  E.  H.  Miles,  Comparative  Syntax  of  Creek  and  Latin, 
P-35- 

39 


40        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

when  the  latter  became  a  separate  case.  This  view  is  combatted  by  Bombe,^ 
who  thinks  the  abl.  abs.  is  derived  from  the  pure  abl.  of  time,  since  of  all 
the  constructions  of  the  part,  with  the  noun  in  the  abl.  abs.  which  occur  in 
the  oldest  writers  we  find  that  the  great  majority  are  equivalent  to  temporal 
clauses.  When  the  form  had  become  established  to  express  one  idea, 
it  easily  passed  over  to  other  ideas  in  which  no  temporal  force  can  be 
detected.  Such  a  development  can  be  traced  in  Plaut.  and  other  early 
writers.  We  shall  therefore  begin  with  the  construction  as  we  find  it  in 
Plaut. 

Present  Participle 

PLAUTUS 

The  instances  which  Plaut.  furnishes  of  the  abl.  abs.  with  the  pres. 
part,  show  that  this  construction  was  not  a  common  one  with  him,  as  the 
verbs  most  frequently  employed  are  ahesse  and  praeesse^  which  seem  to 
have  been  established  in  this  construction  as  standard  formulas.  The 
abl.  abs.  with  the  two  words  praesens  and  absens  occurs  forty-five  times  in 
Plaut.  and  eleven  times  in  Ter.  A  few  examples  will  suffice:  Most.  564, 
"Jam  illo  praesente  adibit;"  Bac.  301,  "Auferimus  aurum  omne  illis 
praesentibus;"    335, 

Ni. — Sad  qui  praesente  id  aurum  Theotimo  datumst? 
Ch.     Populo  praesente;  nullust  Ephesi  quin  sciat. 


Trin.  167, 


Me  absente  atque  insciente,  inconsultu  meo, 
Aedis  venalis  hasce  inscribit  litteris. 


Examples  of  other  parts,  used  with  the  abl.  abs.: 

Mil.  144,  "Et  sene  sciente  hoc  feci;  is  consilium  dedit;"  Men.  272, 
"Cape  atque  serva;  me  lubente  feceris;"  AmpJi.  747,  "Egone  istuc  dixi  ? 
Al.  Tute  istic  etiam  astante  hoc  Sosia;"  Poen.  322,  "Nam  \-igilante 
Venere  si  veniant." 

Another  variety  of  the  construction  found  in  Plaut.  is  that  in  which 
an  adjec.  or  noun  takes  the  place  of  the  part.  It  is  customary  to  supply 
here  in  thought  a  pres.  part,  of  the  verb  esse.  But,  as  Drager  says,^  the 
Romans  probably  felt  this  to  be  a  modal  abl.  and  did  not  think  of  the  part. 

'  Ernest  Bombe,  De  Ablativi  AhsoluH  a  pud  Antiquissimos  Romanorum  Scriptores 
Usu  Gripeswolda,  1876.  Tammelin  thinks  we  must  look  for  the  origin  of  the  con- 
struction in  both  the  instrumental  and  locative  cases. 

»  Bombe,  p.  17,  says  that  the  temporal  notion  is  here  contained  in  the  verbs  them- 
selves and  the  construction  of  the  abl.  abs.  without  temporal  force  defines  more  accurate- 
ly the  main  action.     Cf.  Tammelin,  p.  142. 

3  Hist.  Syn.,  II,  §  578  and  §  585. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  4I 

The  Greek  language,  so  rich  in  parts.,  rarely  omitted  o)v  in  such  cases,  and 
so  by  a  false  analogy  grammarians  have  supplied  it  in  Latin.'  Bac.  419, 
"non  sino  neque  equidem  ilium  me  vivo  comunpi  sinam;"  Most.  562, 
"Ne  ego  sum  miser,  scelestus,  natus  dis  inimicis;"  Trin.  1014,  "Recipe 
te  et  recurre  petere  re  recenti;"  Capt.  739,  "Cur  ego  te  invito  me  esse 
salvum  postulem  ? 

When  a  noun  takes  the  place  of  the  part,  the  construction  is  generally 
equivalent  to  an  instrumental  abl.  or  else  merely  defines  more  clearly  the 
main  action:  Most.  916,  "me  suasore  atque  impulsore  id  factum  audacter 
dicito;"    Stick.  602, 

non  me  quidem 
Faciei  auctore  hodie  ut  ilium  decipiat. 

Trifi.  13,  "Is  rem  paternam  me  adiutrice  perdidit." 

It  will  be  seen  from  some  of  the  above  examples,  e.  g.,  Bac.  419,  that 
Plant,  does  not  always  observe  the  rule  of  the  grammarians  that  the  abl. 
abs.  is  not  to  be  used  if  the  subject  of  the  absolute  clause  is  expressed  in 
some  case  in  the  main  clause.^  Some  further  examples  from  Plaut.  are: 
Poen.  369,  "men  praesente  ego  illaec  patiar  dici?"  Aid.  98,  "Profecto 
in  aedes  meas  me  absente  neminem  volo  intromitti." 

PETRONIUS 

In  the  time  from  Plaut.  to  Liv.  the  pres.  part,  in  the  abl.  abs.  became 
much  more  frequent,  and  developed  several  different  visages  such  as  (i) 
the  use  of  the  part,  alone,  when  the  subject  could  be  suppHed  from  the 
context,  (a)  from  the  following  relative  clause,  (b)  from  some  preceding 
word,  (c)  from  the  general  idea,  svich  as  "one,"  " people. "^  All  these  are 
common  in  Tac. 

In  Petron.  the  pres.  part,  is  used  more  freely  than  in  any  previous  writer. 
This  may  be  due  in  part  to  the  nature  of  the  work — a  running  tale,  told  in 
the  historic  present.  But  still  more  is  it  due  to  the  flexibility  or  even 
looseness  which  the  language  had  acquired  at  this  stage  of  its  development. 
Indeed,  some  of  the  constructions  in  Petron.  seem  forced  and  cumbersome 

'  Bombe,  p.  28.  Tammelin,  §  83,  says  that  to  suppose  a  part,  omitted  such  as 
-ente  is  false  and  contrary  to  Latin  idiom.  The  construction  is  a  sociative  instrumental 
abl.,  expressing  the  person  through  whose  attendance,  by  whose  aid,  etc.,  anything  is 
done. 

2  Bombe,  p.  37.  Bennett,  §  227,  n.  4,  states  the  rule  and  says  exceptions  to  this 
principle  are  extremely  rare.  Gildersleeve,  §  410,  n.  3:  "This  rule  is  frequently 
violated  at  all  periods  of  the  language,  for  the  purpose  either  of  emphasis  or  of  stylistic 
effect.     The  shifted  construction  is  clearer,  more  vigorous,  more  conversational." 

3  Drager,  II,  §  579. 


42        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

even  to  our  English  ears,  though  we  use  the  absolute  construction  almost 
as  freely  as  the  Romans  did.  The  various  forces  of  the  abl.  abs.  may  be 
classified  as  follows: 

(a)  Time:  136,  "quid  tu  me  absente  fecisti."  This  is  the  only  case 
of  the  abl.  abs.  with  absente.  Likewise  only  one  instance  can  be  found  of 
praesens  in  abl.  abs.  and  that  is  in  verse. 

137,  v.  9,  Quod  vis,  nummis  praesentibus  opta, 
et  veniet. 

92,  "Haec  Eumolpo  dicente  mutabam  ego  frequentissime  vultum." 

Sometimes  the  construction  is  accompanied  by  adverbs  or  conjunctions 
of  time:  12,  "Veniebamus  in  forum  deficiente  iam  die;"  20,  "Ascyltos 
iam  deficiente  fabularum  contextu;"  54,  "Cum  maxime  haec  dicente 
Gaio,  puer  Trimalchionis  delapsus  est."  This  passage  is,  however, 
considered  doubtful  by  both  Biicheler  and  Segebade.^ 

(6)  Situation  or  attendant  circmnstance :  69,  "Amplius  semihora 
tubicines  imitatus  est  succinente  Habinna  et  inferius  labrum  manu  depri- 
mente;"  71,  "Totum  a  primo  ad  ultimum  ingemescente  famiha  recitavit;" 
137,  "Dum  haec  me  stupente  in  lectulo  sedet;"  52,  "Atque  ipse  erectis 
supra  frontem  manibus  Syrum  histrionem  exhibebat  concinente  tota 
familia;"  31,  "Tandem  ergo  discubuimus  pueris  Alexandrinis  aquam  in 
manus  nivatam  infundentibus  aliisque  insequentibus  ad  pedes  ac  paronychia 
cum  ingenti  subtilitate  toUentibus." 

This  last  sentence  illustrates  one  of  the  noticeable  features  of  the  style 
of  Petron.  A  number  of  parts,  follow  in  loose  order,  not  representing 
time  strictly  contemporaneous  with  that  of  the  principal  verb  but  really 
a  succession  of  actions  thus:  "We  sat  down,  boys  brought  water,  others 
followed,"  etc.  One  should  notice  also  the  large  number  of  instances 
where  several  parts,  are  joined  together  by  et,  -que,  atque,  and  other  con- 
junctions. Other  examples  are :  17,"  tacentibus  adhuc  nobis  et  ad  neutram 
partem  adsensionem  flectentibus  intra vit  ipsa;"  25,  " Plaudentibus  ergo 
universis  et  postulantibus  nuptias;"  34,  "potantibus  ergo  nobis  et  accura- 
tissime  lautitias  mirantibus  laruam  argenteam  servus  attulit." 

(c)  Manner:  Next  in  force  to  the  abl.  abs.  of  situation,  comes  that 
which  expresses  the  manner  or  the  circumstances  under  which  an  action 
takes  place:  72,  "ducente  per  porticum  Gitone  ad  ianuam  venimus;" 
28,  "hinc  involutus  coccina  gausapa  lecticae  impositus  est  praecedentibus 
phaleratis  cursoribus  quattuor;"  65,  "oneratusque  aliquot  coronis  et 
unguento  per  frontem  in  oculos  fluente  praetorio  loco  se  posuit." 

J  In  Segebade  and  Lommatzsch,  Lexicon  Petronianum,  Leipzig,  1898,  this  passage 
is  marked  "Dubia  et  memorabilia,  resecto  verbo." 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  43 

(d)  Reason  or  cause:  96,  "ego  durante  adhuc  iracundia  non  continui 
manum;"  81,  "ibi  triduo  inclusus  redeunte  in  animum  solitudine  atque 
contemptu  verberabam  aegrum  planctibus  pectus." 

We  may  perhaps  classify  under  cause  a  rather  peculiar  abl.  abs.  in 
27:  "numerabat  pilas  non  quidem  eas  quae  inter  manus  lusu  expellente 
vibrabant." 

60,  "quibusdam  tamen  etiam  post  hanc  venerationem  poma  rapientibus 
et  ipsi  mappas  implevimus,  ego  praecipue,"  may  be  translated  "since," 
"seeing  that,"  etc. 

Sometimes  the  abl.  abs.  is  accompanied  by  conjunctions  of  imaginative 
comparison,  ut,  tanquam,  veliit,  quasi. ^  This  is  very  common  with  the 
perf.  part.  An  example  with  pres.  of  abl.  abs.  is:  100,  "Sed  repente 
quasi  destruente  fortuna  constantiam  meam  eiusmodi  vox  super  constratum 
puppis  congemuit." 

The  abl.  abs.  of  the  pres.  part,  with  the  force  of  a  condition  or  a  con- 
cession does  not  seem  to  occur  in  Petron. 

APULEIUS 

All  the  uses  of  Plaut.  and  Petron.  are  found  in  Apul.  together  with 
several  others. 

{a)  Time:  M.  i.  5,  "vespera  oriente=  point  of  time,"  "when  evening 
came;"  i.  11,  "Haec  adhuc  me  suadente  ....  Socrates  stertebat"  = 
time  during  which,  "while;"  v.  9,  "haec  novissima,  quam  fetu  satiente 
postremus  partus  effudit"  =  "at  the  time  when;"  v.  9,  "Fortassis  tamen 
procedente  consuetudine  et  adfectione  roborata  deam  illam  deus  maritus 
efficiet,"  =  "when  love  shall  have  been  strengthened;"  v.  15,  "Quae 
cuncta  praesente  nullo  animos  audientium  remulcebant."  This  part, 
occurs  several  times,  but  ahsente  is  not  found,  vii.  26,  "meum  vero 
Bellerophontem  ad  casas  perducunt  quoad  renascenti  die  sequenti  poenae 
redderetur"=  reference  to  future. 

{b)  Situation:  M.  ii.  25,  "ut  ne  deus  quidem  Delphicus  ipse  facile 
discerneret,  duobus  nobis  iacentibus,  quis  esset  magis  mortuus;"  iii. 
2,  "lamque  sublimo  suggestu  magistratibus  residentibus  iam  praecone 
publico  silentium  clamante,  repente  cuncti  consona  voce  flagitant."  With 
this  succession  of  events  compare  Petron.  31.  iv.  3,  "nam  lumbis  elevatis 
in  ahum,  pedum  posterioribus  calcibus  iactatis  in  eum  crebriter,  iam 
mulcato  graviter  atque  iacente  contra  proclive  montis  attigui  fuga  me 
liberavi;"  viii.  31,  "coquus  diu  lamentatus,  iam  iamque  domino  cenam 
fiagitante,  mortem  sibi  comparabat." 

'  See  Kiihner,  Vol.  II,  i,  p.  579,  §  2. 


44         THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

(c)  Manner:  M.  vi.  9.  "Impares  enim  nuptiae  et  praeterea  in  villa 
sine  testibus  et  patre  non  consentiente  factae  legitimae  non  possunt  videri;" 
V.  3,  "fercula  cupiosa,  nullo  serviente  seel  tantum  spiritu  quodam  impulsa 
subministrantur;"  x.  32,  "Quibus  spectatorum  pectora  suave  mulcentibus 
longe  suavior  Venus  placide  commoveri,  cunctantique  lente  vestigio  et 
leniter  fluctuante  spinula  et  sensim  adnutante  capite  coepit  incedere." 

(d)  Reason,  source  or  origin  of  action:  M.  v.  2,  "mox  prolectante 
studio  pulcherrimae  visionis  miratur  singula;"  xi.  7,  "ut  canorae  etiam 
aviculae  prolectante^  verno  vapore,  concentus  suaves  adsonarent."  Cf. 
same  verb  in  v.  7,  "lacrimae  redeunt  prolectante  gaudio."  v.  4,  "Vespera 
suadente,  concedit  Psyche  cubitum;"  i.  i,  "sermonem  aerumnabili 
labore,  nullo  magistro  praeeunte,   aggressus  excolui." 

Apol.  50  (Oud.,  p.  509),  "moribundo  corpore  cessante  animo  cadunt. 

(e)  Agent:  When  a  person  is  represented  as  the  source  or  mover  in  an 
action  we  have  in  a  way  the  idea  of  agency  suggested.  Apol.  76  (Oud., 
P-  557))  "Pontianus  ei  multiun  quidem  dehortantibus  nobis  nuptianim 
titulum  falsum  et  imaginarium  donavit;"  41  (Oud.,  p.  495),  "ceterum  me 
etiam  beneficii  reum  postularent,  ut  qui  hoc  negotium  ex  lectione  et 
aemulatione  Aristoteli  nactus  sim,  nonnihil  et  Platone  meo  adhortante, 
qui  .  .  .  .  ;  100  (Oud.,  p.  598),  "qui  tibi  plurimas  postea  contumelias 
dixit  coram  et  adiuvante  patruo  fecit;"  98  (Oud.,  p.  595),  "cum  ab  eo 
quaereres,  donassetne  illis  mater,  quae  ego  dicebam  me  adnitente  donata." 

The  agent  becomes  almost  the  instrument  in  M.  vi.  8,  ad  hunc  modimi 
pronuntiante  Mercurio  tanti  praemii  cupido  certatim  omnium  studium 
arrexerat. 

The  instrumental  force  is  clear  in  M.  v.  22,  fati  tamen  saevitia  submin- 
istrante  viribus  roboratur. 

(J)  Adversative  force:  M.  v.  i,  "ut  diem  suum  sibi  domus  faciat, 
licet  sole  nolente;"  v.  27,  "quamvis  alio  vento  flante;"  v.  22,  "quamvis 
alis  quiescentibus  extimae  plumulae  lasciviunt." 

(g)  Hypothesis,  5t*-clause:  Apol.  43  (Oud.,  p.  500),  Maximus  omnium 
Magus  est,  quo  praesente  Thallus  diu  steterit." 

Perfect  Participle 

The  most  characteristic  construction  with  the  part,  in  Latin  is  that  of 
the  abl.  abs.  with  the  perf.  part,  pass.^  It  is  the  simplest  substitute  for  an 
adverbial  clause,  since  it  can  be  used  to  express  not  only  time,  but  also 
manner,  reason,  concession,  and  other  notions.     In  early  Latin  the  perf. 

I  Van  der  Uliet  reads  prolectatae. 
'  Drager,  II,  185. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  45 

part,  in  the  absolute  construction  is  more  frequent  tlian  the  pres.  part., 
but  its  use  is  still  much  restricted  in  comparison  with  that  of  later  periods. 

PLAUTUS 

As  was  remarked  in  discussing  the  pres.  part.,  it  seems  contrary  to 
Latin  idiom  to  understand  a  part,  (generally  the  missing  pres.  part,  of  sum) 
when  a  noun  is  used  in  the  abl.  with  an  adjec.  or  other  noun.  It  seems 
better  to  consider  such  cases  as  ablatives  of  manner,  accompaniment,  or 
instrument.^ 

Bac.  1070,  "Salute  nostra  at  que  urbe  capta  per  dolum  domum  reduce 
integrum  omnem  exercitum."  Tammelin^  considers  that  "urbe  capta" 
is  used  in  the  same  way  as  "salute  nostra,"  both  being  used  with  modal 
force.  Ussing  compares  it  with  Amph.  32,  "pace  advenio,"  which  he 
says  is  not  so  much  a  modal  as  a  comitative  abl.  A  simple  example  would 
be  Stick.  602,  "non  me  quidem  faciet  auctore,  hodie  ut  ilium  decipiat." 
Many  grammarians  classify  this  kind  of  construction  under  the  abl.  abs.^ 
But  Tammelin  would  call  it  "instrumental  sociative"  and  thinks  it  strange 
that  even  Ebrard^  should  have  fallen  into  the  common  error.  In  Amph. 
642,  "absit,  dum  laude  parta  domum  recipiat  se,"  Tammelin  thinks  that 
parta  is  used  attributively  and  hence  the  construction  is  not  abl.  abs.  but 
sociative.  He  compares  Trin.  11 82,  "Bene  re  gesta  salvos  redeo,"  and 
Pers.  753,  "Hostibus  victis,  civibus  salvis,  re  placida,  pacibus  perfectis, 
bello  exstincto,  re  bene  gesta,  integro  exercitu  et  praesidiis — eas  habeo 
grates."  Here  the  abls.  are  not  really  abls.  abs.  but  abls.  of  circumstance 
and  manner.  But  Drager  quotes  the  sentence  to  illustrate  the  fondness  of 
old  Latin  for  the  abl.  abs.  However,  whether  we  give  the  name  of  abl. 
abs.  to  such  constructions  or  not  in  the  early  Latin,  it  is  certain  that  they 
were  felt  as  such  in  the  later  language.  When  the  form  of  expression  had 
once  been  established  for  the  modal  force,  other  notions  came  to  be  expressed 
by  the  same  form,  until  constructions  were  evolved  in  which  no  modal 
force  remains  and  only  the  temporal  or  some  other  idea  is  expressed.  Then 
the  construction  is  a  pure  abl.  abs. 

Under  constructions  undoubtedly  belonging  to  the  abl.  abs.  are:  {a) 
Those  expressing  time:   Cist.  161,  "tum  ilia — decumo  post  mense  exacto 

1  Drager,  II,  §  585.     Tammelin  generally  calls  is  "sociative,"  p.  131. 

2  P.  132. 

3  Roby,  1242,  gives  such  cases  under  his  abl.  of  attendant  circumstance,  along 
with  other  abls.  abs. 

^Neue  Jahrb.  f.  Phil.,  Supplement  ic,  p.  613:  Ebrard  in  the  article  "De  Abl. 
Local.  I nstrmnentalis  "  derives  the  abl.  abs.  from  the  locative  and  classifies  such  cases 
as  above  under  the  abl.  abs. 


46         THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,   PETRONIUS,   AND   APULEIUS 

hie  peperit  filiam;"  Capt.  82,  "item  parasiti  rebus  prolatis  latent;"  Merc. 
92,  "his  sic  confectis  navem  soluimus;"  Men.  470,  "pallam  ad  phrygionem 
fert  confecto  prandio,  vinoque  expoto,  parasito  excluso  foras." 

Besides  the  temporal  idea  there  is  also  sometimes  implied  (&)  condition: 
Am  ph.  390,  "non  loquar  nisi  pace  facta,  quando  pugnis  plus  vales;"  Rud. 
581,  "Tibi  ego  numquam  quicquam  credam,  nisi  si  accepto  pignore." 

{c)  Concession:  Aul.  783,  "is  me  nunc  renuntiare  repudium  iussit 
tibi,  Repudium  rebus  paratis  exornatis  nuptiis?" 

The  abl.  abs.  without  the  part. :  This  construction  is  classed  by  Drager^ 
under  the  abl.  abs.  but  Tammelin  thinks  it  should  be  considered  merely 
as  an  adverb.  Drager  shows  that  in  old  Latin  the  part,  was  used  alone, 
without  the  dependent  clause,  an  addition  that  was  made  in  the  classical 
period.  Probably  these  participial  forms  were  originally  abls.  of  neut. 
parts,  used  as  nouns  in  abl.  of  manner.  When  the  modal  force  was  lost, 
they  were  used  predicatively  and  are  really  abls.,  and  it  was  natural  that 
then  a  clause  should  be  used  to  take  the  place  of  the  substantive  that  was 
felt  to  be  missing.  Examples  in  Plaut.  are:  Amph.  658,  "Certe  enim 
me  illi  expectatum  optato  venturum  scio;"  Merc.  135,  "At  tibi  sortito  id 
optigit." 

There  are  also  found  improviso,  consulto,  faenerato,  auspicato. 

PETRONIUS 

There  are  no  instances  of  the  perf.  part,  in  the  abl.  abs.  in  Petron. 
which  differ  much  from  classical  usage,  except  that  there  is  a  greater 
relative  frequency  in  their  occurrence.  A  few  examples  of  the  common 
uses  will  suffice. 

(a)  Expression  of  time:  87,  "interposita  minus  hora  pungere  me 
manu  coepit;"  94,  "reseratis  foribus  intrat  Eumolpus;"  92,  "siccatoque 
avide  poculo  negat  sibi  acidius  fuisse."  Sometimes  adverbs  of  time  accom- 
pany the  construction,  but  the  only  examples  of  this  sort  which  I  have  found 
in  Petron.  are:  11,  "oculisque  tandem  bona  fide  exactis  alligo  complexibus 
puerum;"  115,  "hoc  opere  tandem  elaborato  casam  piscatoriam  subimus;" 
94,  "Novaculam  rapit  et  semel  iterumque  cervice  percussa  ante  pedes 
collabitur  nostros." 

The  adverbs  statim,  simul,  extemplo,  common  with  the  abl.  abs.  in 
Cic.  and  Liv.,  are  not  so  used  in  Petron. 

(b)  Reason  or  cause:  115,  "cibisque  naufragio  corruptis  utcumque 
curati  tristissimam  exegimus  noctem;"  15,  "et  recuperate,  ut  putabamus 
thesauro  in  deversorium  praecipites  abimus  praeclusisque  foribus  ridere 

I  Vol  II,  584;   Tammelin,  p.  140. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  47 

acumen  non  minus  cocionum  quam  calumniantium  coepimus."  The 
first  of  these  abls.  abs.  may  be  taken  as  implying  something  of  the  cause 
of  ridere,  but  still  it  is  more  temporal  in  its  force;  the  second  is  purely 
temporal. 

A  few  cases  occur  where  the  conjunctions  igitur  and  ergo  are  used  with 
the  abl.  though  these  express  rather  the  result  of  a  preceding  statement  than 
the  reason  for  the  succeeding  one.  no,  "Conversis  igitur  omnium  in 
se  vultibus,  orsus  est."  In  74  the  clause  has  no  causal  force,  "sumptis 
igitur matteis  respiciens  ad  familiam  Trimalchio — inquit;"  108,  "Data  ergo 
acceptaque  ex  more  patrio  fide  praetendit  ramum  oleae."  Here  we  may 
translate  "since  the  pledge  was  accordingly  given"  etc.,  with  causal  force. 

(c)  Adversative  force:  105,  "miretur  nunc  aliquis  Ulixis  nutricem  post 
vicesimum  annum  cicatricem  invenisse  originis  indicem,  cum  homo  pruden- 
tissimus  confusis  omnibus  corporis  orisque  lineamentis  ad  unicum  fugitivi 
argvmientum  tarn  docte  pervenerit." 

(d)  Conditions  with  nisi:  136,  "excusare  coepit  moram,  quod  amica 
se  non  dimisisset  nisi  tribus  potionibus  e  lege  siccatis." 

(e)  Imaginary  comparison  with  velut:  128,  "si  quid  habueram  virium, 
perdidi,  totoque  corpore  velut  luxato,  'quaeso'  inquam." 

There  are  no  instances  in  Petron.  of  the  abl.  abs.  of  the  perf.  part,  with 
ut,  utpote,  qvusi,  tanquam,  or  quamvis. 

(f)  Manner:  It  is  often  difficult  to  decide  whether  a  construction  is  to 
be  understood  as  an  abl.  abs.  or  an  adverb  of  quality,  instrument,  or  manner. 
Tammelin  is  inclined  to  regard  nearly  all  such  cases  in  Plaut.  as  something 
other  than  abl.  abs.^  Especially  in  the  case  of  phrases  describing  per- 
sonal appearance  or  manner  would  he  reject  the  abl.  abs.,  e.  g.,  Cas. 
862,  "obtunso  ore  nunc  pervelim  progrediri  senem;"  Capt.  475,  "ipsi  de 
foro  tam  aperto  capite  ad  lenones  eunt."  These  are  properly  abls.  of 
quality,  though  the  grammars  are  not  clear  on  the  subject.^  In  Epid. 
452,  "Immo  si  audias  meas  pugnas  fugias  manibus  dimissis  domum," 
we  probably  have  an  abl.  of  manner.  In  Epid.  524,  "is  etiam  sese  sapere 
memorat:  malleum  sapientiorem  vidi  excusso  manubrio,"  if  we  translate 
"when  the  handle  has  been  struck  off"  we  give  it  the  force  of  an  abl.  abs., 
but  if  we  say  a  "hammer  with  its  handle  gone"  it  seems  to  be  an  abl. 
of  quality.  In  Amph.  368,  "immo  equidem  tunicis  consutis  hue  advenio, 
non  dolis,"  Tammelin  sees  a  sociative  ablative. 

1  P.  139,  under  "Exempla  non  absolute  posita." 

2  Thus  Lane's  Grammar,  §  1367,  gives  as  an  example  of  the  abl.  abs.  of  description, 
Cic.  Ph.  ii.  77,  "domum  venit  capite  obvoluto,"  but  in  §  1360,  "nudo  capite"  is  given 
as  abl.  of  manner. 


48        THE  PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,   PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

Turning  to  Petron.  we  find  many  examples  of  abls.  expressing  personal 
appearance  and  the  most  of  them  can  undoubtedly  be  explained  as  abls. 
of  quality  or  manner:  16,  "Mulier  erat  operto  capite." 

Not  so  simple  is  106,  "Lichas,  turbato  vehementius  vultu  proclamat." 
In  the  following  cases  the  abls.  seem  to  be  clearly  abls.  of  manner:    124, 

vs.  252  f., 

huic  comes  it  submissa  Fides  et  crine  solute, 
lustitia  ac  maerens  lacera  Concordia  palla. 

frag,  xxxviii,  vs.  7  f., 

exsilio  et  pedibus  nudis  tunicaque  soluta 
omne  iter  impedio,  nullum  iter  expedio. 

But  in  108,  vs.  6  f.,  the  abl.  is  an  abl.  abs.  of  manner  or  means: 
sed  contemptus  amor  vires  habet,  ei  mihi  fata 
hos  inter  fluctus  quis  raptis  evocat  armis. 

So  also  probably  in  99,  "profusis  ego  lacrumis  rogo." 

In  73,  "ceteri  convivae  circa  labnun  manibus  nexis  currebant  et  gingil- 
ipho  ingenti  clamore  sonabant,  alii  autem  restrictis  manibus  anulos  de 
pavimento  conabantur  tollere  aut  posito  genu  cervices  post  terga  flectere 
et  pedum  extremes  pollices  tangere,"  the  last  abl.  must  be  taken  as  abl. 
abs.  but  the  other  two  would  seem  to  be  abls.  of  manner. 

There  are,  of  course,  in  Petron.  as  in  every  other  author,  examples  of 
the  abl.  abs.  used  not  with  any  distinctly  adverbial  force  but  merely  as  a 
substitute  for  a  finite  verb,  thereby  adding  variety  and  strength  to  the 
sentence;  e.  g.,  108,  "Lichas  indignatur  quod  ego  relicta  mea  causa  tantum 
pro  alio  clamo;"   124.  vs.  250  f.. 

Pax  ....  relicto 

orbe  fugax  Ditis  petit  implacabile  regnum. 

APULEIUS 

It  would  be  surprising  if  in  the  time  between  Petron.  and  Apul.  the 
abl.  abs.  construction  had  not  taken  on  some  new  forms,  especially  since 
Tac.  used  it  so  freely.  And  indeed  we  do  find  in  Apul.  almost  every  variety 
of  the  classical  period  exemplified ;  but,  nevertheless,  several  uses  found  in 
Tac.  and  other  writers  before  Apul.  do  not  occur  in  his  pages.  No  classi- 
fication can  give  an  adequate  idea  of  the  extent  to  which  he  used  the  con- 
struction though  one  may  serve  to  exemplify  the  varieties: 

(a)  Time:  M.  v.  4,  "Finitis  voluptatibus,  vespera  suadente,  concedit 
Psyche  cubitum;"  v.  9,  "Quo  protenus  perpetrato,  sorores  ....  per- 
strepebant;"  v.  7,  "sono  penetrabili  vocis  ululabis  per  prono  delapso 
amens  Psyche  procurrit." 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  49 

Often  the  construction  is  accompanied  by  an  adverb  of  time:  M.  ii. 
13,  "Quern  cum  electum  destinasset  illi,  iam  deposita  crumina,  iam  pro- 
fusis  nummulis,  iam  dinumeratis  centum  denarium — ecce  adolescentulus 
eum  iacinia  prehendit;"  i.  25,  "Quo  audito  statim  arrepta  dextera,  post- 
liminio  in  forum  cupidinis  reducens;"  x.  8,  "quo  semel  conditis  calculis 
iam  cum  rei  fortuna  transacto  nihil  postea  commutari  licebat;"  ix.  21, 
"Philesitherus  ....  sagaciter  extempio  sumpta  familiari  constantia, 
invadit  Myrmecem;"  xi.  i,  "confestimque  discussa  pigra  quiete  alacer 
exsurgo;"  ix.  42,  "emensis  protenus  scaUs  iniecta  manu  quidam  me  velut 
captivum  detrahunt." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  in  some  of  these  examples,  the  very  presence  of 
the  temporal  adverb  gives  the  clause  something  more  than  a  temporal  force. 
In  the  last  two  quoted  it  has  almost  the  force  of  an  adverb  of  manner. 

Many  of  the  temporal  clauses  illustrate  well  the  extensive  use  which 
Apul.  made  of  the  part.,  especially  of  the  abl.  abs.,  to  describe  successive 
events  in  a  narrative,  e.  g.,  M.  i.  19,  "relicta  patria  et  lare,  ultroneum  exiUum 
amplexus  nunc  Aetoliam  novo  contracto  matrimonio  colo;"  v.  26,  "sic 
locuto  deo  pastore,  nulloque  sermone  reddito,  sed  adorato  tantum  numine 
salutari  Psyche  pergit  ire." 

(b)  Manner:  M.  i.  19,  "Denique  corpus  exanimatum  in  flumen  paene 
cemuat,  nisi  ego  altero  eius  pede  retento  vix  et  aegre  ad  ripam  superiorem 
attraxi;"  i.  21,  "Remoto,  inquam,  ioco,  parens  optima,  die  oro  cuiatis 
sit;"  V.  19,  "Tunc  nanctae  iam  portis  patentibus  nudatum  sororis  animum 
facinerosae  mulieres,  omissis  tectae  machinae  latibulis,  destrictis  gladiis 
fraudium  simplicis  puellae  paventes  cogitationes  invadunt."  The  pres. 
part,  here  in  the  abl.  abs.  has  the  force  of  manner,  "her  mind  left  bare  by 
having  its  doors  open;"  the  abls.  abs.  with  the  perf.  part,  also  express 
manner,  "without  secrecy,  with  drawn  sword."  Here  may  be  given 
two  examples  which  are  almost  equivalent  to  abls.  of  characteristic:  M. 
vi.  27,  "Nam  ubi  me  conspexit  absolutum,  capta  super  sexum  et  aetatem 
audacia,  lorum  prehendit  ac  me  deducere  ac  revocare  contendit,"  "with  a 
boldness  beyond  her  sex  and  years;"  vi.  27,  "ilia  virgo  captiva — sumpta- 
que  constantia  virili  facinus  audet  pulcherrimum." 

(c)  Means:  M.  v.  15,  "sic  affectione  simulata  paulatim  sororis  invadunt 
animum;"  vi.  27,  "incussis  in  earn  posteriorum  pedum  calcibus  protinus 
aplodo  terrae." 

As  in  the  case  of  Plaut.  and  Petron.,  there  are  in  Apul.  many  cases  where 
it  would  be  difficult  to  say  whether  the  abl.  is  true  abl.  abs.  or  abl.  of  means, 
manner,  or  description.  In  M.  ii.  30,  the  means  of  action  is  clearly  expressed 
but  probably  the  construction  is  not  abl.  abs.,  "sed  capiUis  hinc  inde 


50        THE   PARTICIPLE   EN  PLAUTUS,   PETRONIUS,   AND   APULEIUS 

laterum  directis  aurium  vulnera  celavi;  nasi  vero  dedecus  linteolo  isto 
pressim  adglutinato  decenter  obtexi." 

The  abl.  in  the  following  case  is  one  of  characteristic:  M.  iii.  13,  "Non 
enim  laeta  facie  nee  sermone  dicaculo  sed  vultuosam  frontem  rugis  insur- 
gentibus  adseverabat." 

In  the  following  sentence  the  abl.  abs.  expresses  the  means  or  manner, 
but  is  really  in  apposition  to  the  object  of  the  verb:  M.  vi.  10,  "singuUsque 
granis  rite  dispositis  atque  seiugatis,  ante  istam  vesperam  opus  expeditum 
approbatomihi." 

In  M.\.  I,  "Enim vero  pavimenta  ipsa  lapide  pretioso  caesim  deminuto 
in  varia  picturae  genera  discriminantur,"  the  abl.  abs.  clause  is  one  of 
means  but  is  equal  to  a  descriptive  adjec. 

{d)  Adversative:  M.  v.  14,  "lugum  sororium  consponsae  factionis  ne 
parentibus  quidem  visis  scopulum  petunt." 

Quamquam  occurs  with  abl.  abs.  in  M.  ii.  30,  "quamquam  foribus 
obclusis."  Licet  occurs  with  pres.  part,  and  perf.  part,  in  abl.  abs.  in  De 
dog.  Plat.  (Oud.,  p.  217),  "aut  cum  dominam  illam  reginamque  rationem, 
obsequente  licet  et  pacata  cupidine,  ira  flagrantior  vicerit." 

(e)  Reason  or  cause:  M.  ii.  15,  "mihique  non  mediocriter  suscensebam, 
quod  ultro  inducta  serie  inopportunarum  fabularum  partem  bonam  vesperae 
eiusque  gratissimimi  fructum  amitterem;"  i.  20,  "Quod  beneficium  etiam 
ilium  vectorem  meum  credo  laetari,  sine  fatigatione  sui  me  usque  ad  istam 
civitatis  portam  non  dorso  illius  sed  meis  auribus  provecto,"  "since  I  was 
carried;"  viii.  6,  "At  ille  quamquam  perfecto  voto,  prostrato  inimico 
laetus  ageret." 

(J)  Condition  =5i-clause:  M.  vii.  23,  "nefas  tam  bellum  asinum  sic 
enecare,  cum  alioquin  exsectis  genitalibus  possit  neque  in  venerem  uUo 
modo  surgere;"  vii.  15,  "subibat  me  tamen  ilia  etiam  sequens  cogitatio; 
quod  tantis  actis  gratiis  honoribusque  plurimis  asino  meo  tributis,  humana 
facie  recepta  multo  tanto  pluribus  beneficiis  honestarer,"="if  so  great 
honors  are  given  now,  how  much  more  would  I  be  honored  if  my  human 
countenance  returned." 

Besides  these  uses  of  the  abl.  abs.,  Apul.  also  uses  the  construction  in 
what  might  be  called  a  superfluous  or  redundant  clause.  The  sense  may 
be  clear  in  the  verb  itself  or  in  a  single  adjec.  or  adv.,  but  the  writer  wishes 
to  elaborate  it  by  giving  an  additional  florid  phrase:  M.  vi.  18,  "Sed  tu 
nulla  voce  deprompta  tacita  praeterito;"  vii.  i,  "ut  primum  tenebris 
abiectis  dies  inalbebat;"  and  a  little  lower,  "discussa  sollicitudine  iam 
possumus  esse  securi." 

Apul.  is  rather  fond  of  the  construction  of  abl.  abs.  of  the  neut.  substan- 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  5 1 

tive  or  part,  without  an  accompanying  noun.  The  original  form  of  this 
we  saw  in  Plant.  The  addition  of  the  dependent  clause  was  made  in  the 
classical  period.  Apul.  adds  several  words  to  the  list.  Those  found  in  his 
works  are:  cognito,  M.  vii.  4,  "cognitoque,  quosdam  immo  vero  fortissimum 
quern  que  variis  quidem  sed  impigris  casibus  oppetisse;"  comperto,  M.  i.  5, 
"comperto,  caseum  recens  commodo  pretio  distrahi;"  addiio,  M.  x.  24, 
"addito  ut  sola  et  sine  ullo  comite  perveniret;"  mandato,  M.  x.  26,  "man- 
dato  saltern  promissam  mercedem  deposceret;"  placito,  M.  ii.  24,  "sic 
placito  ocius  surrexit;"  testato,  Apol.  78  (Oud.,  p.  561),  "Quas  tamen 
litteras  testato  descripsimus,"  "with  witnesses,"  so  also  Apol.  83  (Oud., 
P-  567),  "haec  mecum  testato  descripseris;"  transado,  M.  x.  8,  "quo 
semel  conditis  calculis,  iam  cum  rei  fortuna  transacto,  nihil  postea  commu- 
tari  hcebat."  Oudendorp  also  reads  haesitato  ("cum  haesitatum  esset") 
in  Apol.  (p.  472),  though  the  general  reading  is  haesitans.  See  Oud., 
Vol,  II,  p.  472. 

STATISTICS  OF  PARTICIPLES  IN  PETRONIUS 

PERFECT   PARTICIPLES 

Nominative  case  (a)  attributive  to  subject   .      .  448 

(6)  predicate  complement        .  14 

Accusative  case 182 

Ablative  case  (a)  abl.  abs 143 

{b)  other  uses  of  abl 52 

Genitive  case 7 

Dative  case 10 

Adjectives  formed  like  perf.  parts 13 

As  adverb,  68,   "desperatum  valde  ingeniosus 

est" I 

Total 870 

To  these  might  be  added: 

Perf.  part,  with  esse  as  perf.  infin 9 

Perf.  part,  without  esse  as  perf.  infin.       ...  10 

PRESENT  PARTICIPLE 

Nominative  case 78 

Accusative  case 112 

Ablative  case  (a)  abl.  abs 50 

(b)  other  uses  of  abl 27 

Genitive  case 40 

Dative  case 46 

As  adjective 23 

As  noun 11 

Total 387 


52         THE  PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND  APULEIUS 

FUTXJRE   PARTICIPLE 

Nominative  case 9 

Accusative  case 6 

Genitive  case i 

Dative  case 3 

Ablative  (as  adjec,  projuturo) i 

Total 20 

To  these  may  be  added: 

Fut.  part,  with  sum  as  finite  verb      ....  8 

Fut.  part,  with  esse  as  infinitive 4 

Fut.  part,  without  esse  as  infinitive    ....  22 

STATISTICS  OF   PARTICIPLES   IN  APULEIUS 

Metajnorphoseon 

PERFECT   PARTICIPLE 

Nominative  case 804 

Accusative  case 467 

Ablative  case  (a)  abl.  abs 809 

(6)  other  uses  of  abl 73 

Genitive  case 66 

Dative          22 

Total 2241 

present  participle 

Nominative  case 740 

Accusative  case 195 

Ablative  case  (a)  abl.  abs 100 

(b)  other  uses  of  abl 66 

Genitive  case 119 

Dative  case 57 

Total 1277 

future  participle 

Nominative  case 50 

Accusative  case 16 

Ablative  case i 

Genitive  case  (adjecs.) 3 

Dative  case 4 

Total 74 

The  fut.  infin.  without  esse  occurs  36  times. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  53 

II.   Other  Works  of  Apuleius 

PERFECT   PARTICIPLE 

Nominative  case 241 

Accusative  case 168 

Ablative  case  (a)  abl.  abs 107 

(b)  other  uses  of  abl 30 

Genitive  case 15 

Dative  case 7 

Total 568 

present  participle 

Nominative  case 161 

Accusative  case 63 

Ablative  case  (a)  abl.  abs 45 

(b)  other  abls 18 

Genitive  case 58 

Dative  case 46 

Total 391 

future  participle 

Nominative  case 10 

Dative  case i 

Total 11 


CHAPTER  V 

GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE 

As  we  are  concerned  more  with  the  uses  of  these  parts,  than  with  their 
origin,^  it  will  be  sufficient  for  the  latter  subject  merely  to  state  the  con- 
clusions arrived  at  by  T.  Horton-Smith,^  inasmuch  as  his  work  appears 
to  be  most  satisfactory  and  his  theories  most  plausible.  In  the  Amer. 
Jour,  of  Phil.,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  449,  Smith  summarizes  his  \dews  thus: 

1.  The  Italic  gerundive  developed  itself  on  Italic  soil,  the  gerundive 
being  the  earUer  formation  of  the  two  and  the  gerund  was  developed  from 
the  gerundive. 

2.  The  gerundive  itself  is  a  compound,  wherein  the  prior  member, 
consisting  of  the  Prim.  Ital.  accus.  infinit.  in  -m  is  governed  as  object  by 
the  second  member,  the  verbal  suffix  -do. 

In  Plaut.  and  Ter.  the  frequency  of  the  gerundial  construction  makes 
it  evident  that  this  distinctively  Itahc  form  of  expression  had  thus  early 
developed  nearly  all  the  uses  which  we  find  it  has  in  later  stages  of  the 
language.  The  most  remarkable  difference  in  usage  between  the  early 
and  later  writers  is  that  the  gerund  is  more  frequent  than  the  gerundive 
in  the  early  authors,  while  the  conditions  are  reversed  in  the  later  writers. 
Platner3  thinks  this  natural,  if  we  are  to  consider  the  gerundive  as  devel- 
oped from  the  gerund.  But  this  view  of  the  development  is  not  the  one 
generally  accepted. 

'  Brugmann,  Grnndriss,  LXIX,  2,  derives  the  -ndo  of  the  Lat.  gerundive  from  It. 
-tno.  But  Conway  in  Class  Rev.,  V,  p.  296,  shows  the  weak  points  of  B's  view  and  gives 
a  new  one  of  his  own.  He  thinks  the  gerund  is  a  derivative  formed  by  the  common 
secondary  adjectival  sufl&x  -io  from  the  stem  of  verbal  nouns  in  -en;  -on.  Brugmann 
in  Grund.,  II,  1 103-3  discards  his  former  theory  and  gives  a  new  one.  He  says  'Im 
Urital.  verband  man  die  accusativischen  Iniinitve  auf  -m  wie  Umbr.  fero{m)  mit  der 
Postposition  -do  oder  -de  'zu'  (vgl.  Lat.  en-do,  indu,  do-nicum  donee,  Gr.  ij/xerepdv  de) 
im  Sinne  unsres  'zu'  mit  Infinitiv  -md-  musste  schon  im  Urital.  zu  -nd-  werden,  so 
bekam  die  Verbindung  mit  des  Postposition  eine  isolierte  Stellung  gegeniiber  dem 
sonstigen  Infinitiv  -auf  -m."  Drager,  II,  594,  describes  the  gerundive  ending  -ondus 
as  compounded  of  (i)  the  sufl&x  -on  seen  in  verbal  nouns  like  -edo,  -onis  and  eno,  -onis 
and  (2)  the  sufl&x  -dus  connected  with  dare  with  the  force  oi  facer e.  This  is  the  view 
of  Weissenborn,  p.  105,  who  is  followed  also  by  Holtze,  II,  45. 

»  Smith's  articles  are  to  be  found  m  A.  J.  P.,  Vol.  XV,  p.  194;  Vol.  XVI,  p.  217 
Vol.  XVIII,  p.  439;   Vol.  XIX,  p.  413. 

3  S.  B.  Platner,  A.  J.  P.,  Vol.  XIV,  p.  483,  gives  the  statistics  for  the  use  of  the 
gerund  and  gerundive  in  Plaut.  and  Ter.  In  Vol.  IX,  Nos.  2  and  4  he  does  the  same 
for  Tac.  and  Pliny. 

54 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  55 

Smith  thinks  that  the  gerund  probably  did  not  arise  until  such  time  as 
the  infinitive  had  lost  ts  use  as  a  substantive,  and  had  come  to  be  used  as 
essentially  a  part  of  the  verb.'  To  supply  the  need  thus  created,  the  neut. 
sing,  of  the  gerundive  was  employed  as  an  abstract  substantive,  with  both 
the  inherent  meaning  of  the  gerundive  and  also  the  original  meaning,  which 
the  infinitive,  whose  place  it  was  to  fill,  had  while  it  was  still  a  substantive, 
viz.,  the  abstract  idea  indicated  by  the  root  itself.  Like  the  gerundive  it  is 
originally  active  in  meaning. 

Brugmann  concludes  from  the  investigations  of  Weisweiler^  that  there 
was  in  the  beginning  the  idea  of  "deed  to  be  accomplished"  ("die  Bedeut- 
ung  der  zu  volziehenden  Thatigheit")  in  the  gerundive.  Kuhner^  says 
that  it  is  a  common  mistake  of  the  grammarians  to  say  that  the  idea  of 
necessity  belongs  originally  to  the  gerundive.  It  has  rather  the  force  of 
a  pres.  part,  used  as  an  adjec,  e.  g.,  secimdus,  following;  placendus,  pleasing. 
So  also  Drager4  who  adds  that  the  idea  of  necessity  came  in  when  the  gerun- 
dive was  used  as  a  predicate  with  the  verb  esse.  The  original  force  is 
active,  the  root  of  the  ending,  -do,  signifying  doing,  causing  to  be  done. 
Smith  sees  this  force  in  many  adjectives  formed  with  the  same  rt.  suflSx, 
e.g.,  geli-dus,  giving  forth  cold;  vividus,  causing  to  live.  Drager  sees 
the  same  force  in  a  large  class  of  proper  names,  e.  g.,  Adferenda,  Adolenda, 
etc.,  and  in  such  forms  as  oriundus,  peretmdus,  placendus.  Now  as  there 
was  already  a  pres.  part,  act.,  this  gerundive  form  was  used  to  take  the 
place  of  the  missing  pres.  part.  pass.  It  is  not  till  the  third  century  A.  D.  that 
the  gerundive  is  used  as  a  fut.  part.  pass.  The  genmd  is  really  the  neut. 
of  the  gerundive  used  as  a  verbal  substantive,  corresponding  in  force  to 
abstract  nouns  in  -tio  and  supplying  the  gen.,  dat.,  and  abl.  cases  to  the 
substantive  infinitive. 

As  the  gerund  occurs  more  frequently  in  Plaut.  and  other  early  writers 
than  the  gerundive,  its  uses  will  be  considered  first. 

Plautus 

GERUND 

I.  Gen.  of  the  gerund  depending  upon  a  substantive  and  used  absolutely 
without  any  modifying  or  dependent  words: 

With  copia:  Epid.  162,  "nunc  tibi  dormitandi  neque  cunctandi 
copiast;"  Mil.  1126,  "fuit  copia  adeundi  atque  impetrandi." 

^  A.  J.  P.,  Vol.  XV.  p.  215;  cf.    Lindsay,  Lat.  Lang.,  chap,  viii,   §  94,  where  he 
says  the  adjectival  use  appears  to  be  the  earlier  one,  the  gerund  seeming  to  stand  to  the 
gerundive  in  the  same  relation  as  an  impersonal  to  a  personal  verb. 
*  Jos.  Weisweiler,  Das  lateinische  participium  fittiiri  passivi. 
3  Gramm.,  II,  i,  p.  540.  ^  Hist.  Syn.,  II,  §  594. 


56        THE  PARTICIPLE   EN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

With  tempus:  Pers.  469,  "Id  erit  adeundi  tempus;"  Trin.  432, 
"Tempust  adeundi." 

With  occasio:  Capt.  117,  "Semel  fugiundi  si  datast  occasio;"  Epid. 
271,  "Nunc  occasiost  faciundi." 

With  modus:     As.  167,  "Qui  modus  dandi?"^ 

With  partem:  As.  517,  "Et  meam  partem  loquendi  et  tuam  trado 
tibi." 

With  locum:    Capt.  212,  "Ut  .  .  .  .  detis  locum  loquendi." 

With  gratia:  Cure.  706,  "Dicendi,  non  rem  perdendi  gratia  haec 
natast  mihi." 

With  satietas:    Poen.  215,  "neque  eis  ulla  ornandi  satis  satietas  est." 

With  compendium:  Ps.  605,  "compendium  ego  te  facere  pultandi 
volo." 

With  lubido:     Trin.  745,  "huic  ducendi  interea  abscesserit  lubido." 

Platner  says  there  are  15  of  these  gerunds  in  Plaut.  and  14  in  Ter.  indi- 
cating a  greater  relative  frequency  in  Ter.  In  general  the  same  governing 
words  are  found  which  occur  in  every  style  of  the  language,  and  the  relation 
expressed  is  objective. 

(o)  With  modifying  words:  Pers.  539,  "Ut  tibi  recte  conciliandi  primo 
facerem  copiam;"  Rud.  765,  "Ego  dabo  ignem,  si  quidem  in  capite  tuo 
conflandi  copiast;"  Poen.  629,  "Ego  male  loquendi  vobis  nescivi  viam;" 
Stick.  117,  "Quoi  male  faciundi  est  potestas;"  Ps.  6,  "Mei  te  rogandi 
et  tis  respondendi  mihi." 

(b)  Two  cases  are  found  in  Ter.  where  the  gerund  depends  on  an  adjec, 
but  there  is  none  in  Plaut.;  cf.  Drager  II,  p.  832  (e). 

II.  (a)  Gen.  of  the  gerund  depending  upon  a  substantive  and  used 
transitively  with  a  dependent  accusative  expressed  or  directly  understood: 
Capt.  743,  "Breve  spatiumst  perferundi,  quae  minitas  mihi;"  Cas.  190, 
"Nee  mihi  ius  meum  optinendi  optio  est;"  Men.  687,  "neque  edepol  te 
defrudandi  causa  posco;"  Ps.  6,  "Duorum  labori  ego  hominum  parsissem 
lubans,  mei  te  rogandi  et  tis  respondendi  mihi;"  Stick.  280,  "nunc  tibi 
potestas  adipiscendi  est  gloriam  laudem  decus;"  Cure.  706,  "rem  perdendi 
gratia."     Cf.  Drager  II,  §  597  (b). 

II.  (b)  Gen.  of  the  gerund  depending  upon  a  substantive  and 
followed  by  another  substantive  in  the  gen.:  Capt.  852,  "nominandi 
istorum  tibi  erit  magis  quam  edundi  copia;"  Capt.  1008,  "lucis  das  tuendi 
copiam;"  Ter.  Heaiit.  29,  "novarum  spectandi  copiam;"  Hec.  372,  "eius 
videndi  cupidus."  The  nature  of  this  constniction  has  been  the  subject 
of  much  argument.     Stallbaum,  Kritz,  Drager,  and  some  others  have  tried 

I  Goetz  and  Schoell  read  dando. 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  57 

to  explain  it  by  saying  that  the  substantive  (or  adjec.)  and  gerund  unite 
in  one  idea  and  then  govern  the  other  substantive.  The  absurdity  of  this 
contention  is  exposed  by  Brix,'  Ziemer,^'  and  Madvig.3  Brix  believes  it  is 
an  example  of  the  colloquial  speech  which  has  come  into  the  written 
language.  Ziemer  says  that  in  spite  of  all  emendations  there  remain  i6 
authentic  instances  of  the  construction,  including  the  4  from  Plaut.  and 
Ter.  quoted  above.  The  construction  really  appears  to  be  a  middle  stage 
between  the  gerund  with  its  object  in  the  accus.  and  the  genitive  of  the  sub- 
stantive with  the  gerundive. 

III.  Gerund  used  with  a  preposition:  (a)  With  ad — often  verb  or  past 
part.:  Bac.  738,  "At  quidem  herclest  ad  perdundum  magis  quam  ad 
scribundum  cita."     So  also  Epid.  378;  Ps.  850. 

After  a  noun:  Mil.  80,  "si  ad  auscultandum  vostra  erit  benignitas." 
So  also  As.  517;  Merc.  935. 

After  an  adjec:  True,  i,  "Non  omnis  aetas  ad  perdiscendum  sat  est 
amanti." 

(b)  With  in:  As.  795,  "Ut  quoiquam  linguam  in  tussiendo  proserat." 
So  also  Cas.  399;   Trin.  224. 

In  this  construction  Ter.  shows  a  marked  increase  in  number  over 
Plaut. 

(c)  With  ex:   Capt.  504,  "Vix  ex  gratulando  miser  iam  eminebam." 
{d)  With  pro:    Aid.   456,  "Heus,   senex,  pro  vapulando   hercle  abs 

te  mercedem  petam." 

III.  Dat.  of  gerund:  Used  in  Plaut.  in  dependence  upon  modus,  pausa, 
or  opera:  As.  169,  "Quid  modist  ductando,  amando?"  Also  As.  882; 
Mil.  131 1.  Rud.  1205,  "Aliquando  osculando  meliust,  uxor,  pausam 
fieri;"  Epid.  605,  "Ego  relictis  rebus  Epidicum  operam  quaerendo  dabo;" 
and  also  in  Poew.  223;  Amph.  1006;  Stick.  681. 

Platner  says  that  this  construction  is  rare  and  seems  to  be  a  survival 
of  the  rudeness  of  an  illiterate  age. 

IV.  Abl.  of  the  gerund  without  a  preposition  denoting  manner  or 
means,     (a)  with  an  object  accus.:   Men.  883, 

Lumbi  sedendo,  oculi  spectando  dolent, 
Manendo  medicum,  dum  se  ex  opera  recipiat. 

So  Trin.  1048;  cf.  Ebrard,  ^^ Abl.  Instrum."  p.  646. 

'  Brix  in  his  edition  of  the  Capt.  v.  852. 
»  Hermann  Ziemer,  Junggrammatische  Sireifzuge,  p.  99. 

3  Madvig,  Cic.  De  Fin.  I.  60;  cf.  also  C.  F.  W.  Muller,  PhiloL,  IX  (1854),  p.  603. 
The  same  writer  in  PhiloL,  XVII,  p.  107,  gives  the  statistics  for  the  gerund  in  Cic. 


58        THE  PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

(6)  Used  absolutely  without  modifiers:  Capt.  502,  "Ita  me  miserum 
restitando  retinendoque  lassum  reddiderunt."  Also  Amph.  414;  ^4^. 
555;  Mil.  267,  etc.     There  are  34  cases  in  Plaut.,  19  in  Ter. 

(c)  Used  with  some  modifying  word  or  phrase:   As.  222, 

Bene  salutando  consuescunt,  conpellando  blanditer, 
Osculando  oratione  vinnula,  venustula. 

Also  Capt.  832;  Cure.  508.  True.  916,  "Ita  miser  cubando  in  lecto  hie 
expectando  obdurui."  This  is  a  very  interesting  case  of  the  use  of  the 
abl.  of  the  gerund  instead  of  the  pres.  part.  In  later  Latin  the  gerund 
was  frequently  used  in  this  way.  Cf.  Tac.  Ann.  ii.  81,  "modo  semet 
afBictando,  modo  singulos  nomine  ciens,  praemiis  vocans,  seditionem 
coeptabat."  In  very  late  Latin  this  abl.  took  the  place  in  large  measure 
of  all  the  participial  constructions.' 

GERUNDIVE 

I.  Gen.  of  the  gerundive  agreeing  with  noun  or  pronoun,  expressed 
or  understood,  and  dependent  upon  another  substantive:  Capt.  748, 
"Ut  mihi  eius  facias  conveniundi  copiam."  Also  Bac.  487;  Merc.  850; 
Capt.  1008;  Capt.  889;  True.  293;  Rud.  1145.  There  are  7  cases  in 
Plaut.  and  8  in  Ter. 

II.  Dat.  of  gerundive  and  substantive  used  as  final  clause  after  verbal 
or  adjectival  expression:  Mere.  551,  "Rei  te  quaerundae  convenit  operam 
dare."  Also  As.  252;  Merc.  987;  Poen.  1189;  Rud.  1374;  True.  310; 
Merc.  192,  etc.  There  are  14  cases  in  Plaut.  and  2  in  Ter.  The  con- 
struction is  very  frequent  in  Silver  Latin. 

III.  Gerundive  used  in  a  passive  sense  in  the  predicate,  after  certain 
verbs  to  denote  the  object  of  their  action.  The  commonest  verb  in  Plaut. 
for  this  construction  is  dare.  There  are  four  cases  with  loeare:  As.  676, 
"Illic  banc  mihi  seruandam  dedit."  Also  in  As.  778;  Aul.  250;  Cure. 
440,  and  often.  Aul.  568, 

Caedundum  ilium  ego  conduxi.     Turn  idem  optumumst 
Loces  ecferundum;  nam  iam,  credo,  mortuust. 

IV.  Gerundive  and  substantive  used  with  prepositions:  (a)  With  ad: 
Amph.  669,  "Ad  aquam  praebendam  commodum  adveni  domum;"  As. 
557;  Merc.  11;  Ml.  79;  Poen.  646;  Trm.  232;  Trin.  646. 

'  Ronsch,  Itala  u.  Vulgata,  p.  432,  gives  instances  from  the  Scriptures,  e.  g.,  Acts 
10:38,  "qui  pertransiit  benefaciendo  et  sanando."  Cf.  also  Diez,  Grammatik  der 
Rom.  Spr.,  Ill,  256. 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  59 

(6)  Used  with  in:    Am  ph.  2, 

Ut  vos  in  vostris  voltis  mercimoniis 
Emundis  vendundisque  me  laetum  lucris 
Adficere. 

Also  Amph.  633.     This  construction  became  very  common  in  later  Latin. 

(c)  With  de:     Not  in  Plaut. ;  2  examples  in  Ter. 

(d)  With  inter:  Only  once  in  Plaut.,  Cist.  721,  "Sed  inter  rem  agendam 
istam  erae  huic  respondi  quod  rogabat."     Very  rare  use. 

(e)  With  pro:    Only  one  in  Plaut.,  Per^.  426,  "Pro  liberanda  amica." 

V.  Abl.  of  gerundive  and  substantive  used  after  verbs,  verbal  phrases 
and  adjecs.:  As.  873,  "lUe  foris  opere  faciundo  lassus  noctu  advenit;" 
Cas.  124,  "Ita  te  adgerunda  curvom  aqua  faciam  probe."  So  also  Poen. 
224;  Ps.  1045. 

VI.  Gerundive  as  simple  adjec:  Pers.  521,  "adduxit  simul  forma 
expetunda  liberalem  virginem." 

In  this  list  it  is  to  be  observed  that  Platner  has  given  no  place  to  the  nom. 
case  of  the  gerund  and  gerundive''.  Probably  he  considers  the  nom.  case 
of  the  gerund  as  nothing  else  than  the  impersonal  neut.  sing,  of  the 
gerundive  and,  in  fact,  not  a  gerund  at  all.  The  grammars  do  not  agree 
with  him  in  thus  classifying  it.  The  nom.  case  occurs  only  with  the  verb 
esse  and  consequently  is  looked  upon  as  the  periphrastic  conjugation. 
A  few  examples  will  illustrate  the  use  of  the  nom.,  which  is  practically 
the  same  for  all  periods  of  the  language.  As.  682,  "inambulandumst;" 
Cure.  486,  "Sed  interim  fores  crepuere;  linguae  moderandumst  nihil," 
Mil.  359,  "Credo  ego  istoc  exemplo  tibi  esse  pereundum  extra  portam." 

The  nom.  gerund,  is  rarely  used  with  a  direct  object.  Only  one  case 
in  Plaut.,  Trin.  869,  "Hercle,  opinor,  mi  advenienti  hac  noctu  agitandumst 
vigilias."  With  dependent  abl.,  Mil.  1210,  "quia  ero  te  carendumst 
optumo." 

The  nom.  of  the  gerundive  is  common  in  all  periods  of  the  language. 
It  expresses  necessity  and  is  used  only  of  transitive  verbs:  Rud.  1298, 
"Adeundus  mi  illic  est  homo.  Bac.  325,  "nunc  tibimet  illuc  navi  capiun- 
dumst  iter." 

I  Drager,  II,  §  595,  speaks  of  the  nom.  of  the  gerund,  and  says  it  differs  from  the 
infin.  in  expressing  necessity,  a  force  not  inherent  in  the  oblique  cases.  Roby,  1397, 
says  "the  gerund  is  used  in  the  nom.  as  subject  to  the  verb  esse,  predicating  existence, 
with  a  dative  of  the  agent,  the  whole  expression  thus  conveying  the  idea  of  obligation; 
cf.  Kiihner,  II,  i,  §  129,  3,  Gildersleeve  curiously  places  the  pres.  inlin.  in  brackets,  as 
the  nom.  of  the  gerund  and  in  §  427,  2,  speaks  of  the  nom.  form  in  -ftdum  as  the  imper- 
sonal gerundive.  Lane,  §  2237  says,  "The  gerund  is  a  neuter  verbal  substantive 
used  only  in  the  oblique  cases  of  the  sing." 


6o        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN    PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND    APULEIUS 

STATISTICS  OF  GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE  IN  PLAUTUS 
AND  TERENCE 

GERUND 

Plaut.  Ter. 

I.     Gen.  of  gerund  dependent  on  a  substantive  and  used  without 

modifiers 15  14 

Gen.  of  gerund  dependent  on  a  substantive  and  used  with 

modifiers 5  4 

Gen.  of  gerund  dependent  on  an  adjec.  (cupidus)       .      .      .      .  o  2 

Gen.  of  gerund  dependent  on  substantive  and  used  transitively  6  6 

II.     Gerund  with  prepositions:  with  a(/ 9  8 

with  in 3  9 

with  ex I  I 

with  pro I  o 

III.  Dat.  of  gerund 8  o 

IV.  Abl.  of  gerund          43  27 

GERUNDIVE 

I.     Gen.  of  gerundive  agreeing  with  noun  and  depending  on 

another  substantive 7  8 

II.     Dat.  of  gerundive  and  substantive  used  as  final  clause        .  14  2 

III.     Gerundive  used  in  passive  sense  in  the  predicate     ...  28  6 

rV.     Gerundive  and  substantive  used  with  a  preposition:  with  ad  7  4 

with  in  2  4 

with  de  o  3 

with  inter  i  o 

with  pro  I  o 

V.     Abl.  of  gerundive 6  2 

Petronius 

GERUND 

The  preference  for  the  gerundive  construction  over  that  viath  the  gerund 
had  become  so  marked  by  the  time  of  Petron.  that  the  examples  of  the  use 
of  the  gerund  are  very  few  indeed. 

I.  Gen.  of  the  gerund  depending  upon  a  substantive  and  used  absolutely 
without  any  modifying  words:  Not  one  of  the  substantives  used  by  Plaut. 
in  this  construction  is  to  be  found  so  used  in  Petron.  The  only  cases  of 
the  construction  are:  136,  "abeundi  formavi  consilium;"  130,  "tanta  erat 
placandi  cura;"    85,  "pigritiam  recendendi  imposuerat  hilaritas  longior." 

II.  Gerund  with  a  preposition:  With  aJ:  23,  "Quartilla  ad  bibendum 
revocavit  ....;"  87,  "Annis  ad  patiendum  gestientibus;"  80,  "posui 
ad  proeliandiim  gradum." 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  6l 

With  iuter:   39,  "oportet  etiam  inter  cenandum  philologiam  nosse." 

III.  Abl.  of  the  gerund  without  a  preposition  denoting  manner  or 
means:  (a)  With  object  accus.:  2,  "le^dbus  enim  at  que  inanibus  sonis 
ludibria  quaedam  excitando  effecistis;"  75,  "per  genium  eius  Gaium 
appellando  rogare  coepit;"  107,  "invidiam  facis  nobis  ingenuos  honestos- 
que  clamando;"  68,  "ego  ad  circulatores  eum  mittendo  erudibam." 

(b)  Used  absolutely  without  modifiers:  64,  "cantando  paene  phthisicus 
factus  sum;"   122,  vs.  162,  "vincendo  certior  exul." 

IV.  Accus.  of  gerund.  The  grammars  all  state  that  the  accus.  of  the 
gerund  is  used  only  after  prepositions.  But  there  seems  to  be  a  case  of  it 
after  habeo  in  90,  "ne  tecum  habeam  rixandum  ab  hoc  cibo  me  abstinebo." 

GERUNDIVE 

I.  Nom.  in  periphrastic  conjugation:  118,  "Non  enim  res  gestae 
versibus  comprehendendae  sunt — sed  per  ambages  deorumque  ministeria 
— praecipitandus  est  liber  spiritus;"  122,  vs.  171,  "reddenda  est  gratia 
vobis,  non  solus  vici;"  125,  "Tandem  expugnata  paupertas  nova  men- 
dicitate  revocanda;"  83,  "si  aUquid  coronis  credendum  est." 

The  gerundive  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjectival  modifier  of  the  subject, 
not  as  part  of  the  periphrastic  conjugation. 

123,  vs.  192,  "et  paulo  ante  lues  iam  concidenda  iacebat."  Here  it  is 
a  predicate  nom.  used  as  a  complement  of  the  verb. 

The  accus.  in  oratio  obliqua  occurs  in  40,  "iuramus  Hipparchum 
Aratumque  comparandos  ilU  homines  non  fuisse;"  96,  "Giton  reserandum 
esse  ostium  succurrendumque  periclitanti  censebat." 

The  nom.  form  of  the  gerundive  used  impersonally  occurs  rather 
frequently;  a  few  examples  will  do  for  illustration:  19,  "immo  ego  sic 
iam  paria  composueram,  ut  si  depugnandum  foret,  ipse  cum  Quartilla 
consisterem ; "  102,  "per  ipsa  gubernacula  delabendum  est;"  118,  "refugi- 
endum  est  ab  omni  verborum  vilitate  praeterea  curandum  est,  ne  sententiae 
emineant — also  125,  fugiendum  erit.' 

The  accus.  in  or  alia  obliqua  occurs  without  esse:  13,  "negavi  cir- 
cuitu  agendum,  sed  plane  iure  civili  dimicandum." 

II.  Gen.  of  the  gerundive  agreeing  with  a  noun  and  dependent  on 
another  substantive:  122,  vs.  179,  "nee  non  horrendi  nemoris  de  parte 
sinistra  insolitae  voces  flamma  sonuere  sequenti  (  =  adjec.)." 

III.  Accus.  of  I  he  gerund  used  in  predicate  after  certain  verbs  to  denote 
the  object  of  their  action:  67,  "inde  duo  crotalia  protulit  et  Fortunatae  in 
vicem  consideranda  dedit;"    103,  "capita  denudanda  praebuimus;"    109, 


62        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN  PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,   AND   APULEIUS 

"neque  si  quid  ante  hunc  diem  factum  est,  obicies  vindicabisve  aut  ullo 
alio  genere  persequendum  curabis." 

IV,  Gerundive  and  substantive  used  with  prepositions:  (a)  With  ad: 
114,  "procurrere  piscatores  parvulis  expediti  navigiis  ad  praedam  rapien- 
.dam;"    115,  "Eumolpus — oculos  ad  arcessendos  sensus  longius  mittit;" 

136,  "ad  reficiendum  ignem  in  viciniam  cucurrit;"  140,  simulavit  se  in 
templum  ire  ad  vota  nuncupanda.  So  also  40,  "ad  scindendum  aprum;" 
62,  "ad  scruta  expedienda,"  and  in  87,  94,  97. 

(&)  With  in:  80,  "  ut  sit  illi  saltern  in  eligendo  fratre  libertas." 

V.  The  gerundive  somet  mes  has  the  force  of  a  simple  adjec;  80,  5, 
"ridendas  inclusit  pagina  partes;"  108,  "mulier  damnata  et  in  toto  navigio 
sola  verberanda." 

STATISTICS  OF  GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE  IN  PETRONIUS 

GERUND 

Gen 3 

Dat o 

Accus.  (a)  with  ad 2 

with  inter i 

{b)  as  obj.  of  verb i 

Abl.  (c)  with  obj.  accus 4 

{b)  used  absolutely 2 

Total 13 

gerundives 

Used  with  sum  to  form  finite  periphrastic  conjugation     .  15 

Used  with  esse  to  form  infinitive i 

Used  without  esse  to  form  infinitive 2 

Nom.  case  as  adjec.  {verberanda,  horrenda) 2 

Gen.  case  as  adjec.  {horrendi  nemoris) i 

Dat.  case o 

Abl.  case  with  prep,  in          i 

Accus.  case  (a)  with  prep,  ad g 

(6)  as  adjec.  {ridendas  partes) i 

Total 38 

Apuleius 
As  was  to  be  expected  from  the  nature  of  the  prose  of  Apul.  the  gerundial 
construction  is  a  great  favorite  with  him.  The  gerund  is  also  common, 
but  the  gerundive  is  found  many  times  on  every  page.  Used  in  the  nom. 
case  it  is  by  far  the  commonest  means  of  expressing  necessity,  duty,  and 
the  like.  In  the  oblique  cases  it  is  used  to  express  all  the  ideas  for  which 
it  is  employed  by  earlier  writers  and  also  several  new  ones. 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  63 

GERUND 

I.  Nom.  of  the  gerundive  used  impersonally:  M.  ii.  22,  "lam  primum, 
respondit  ille,  perpetem  noctem  eximie  vigilandum  est;"  viii.  15,  "ob  iter 
illud,  qua  nobis  erat  commeandum." 

II.  Gen.  of  the  gerund  depending  upon  a  substantive  and  used  (a) 
absolutely,  without  any  modifying  or  dependent  words:  De  mundo  xxviii 
(Oud.,  p.  353),  "Atque  ut  una  ab  unico  sinu  abeundi  facultas  concessa 
omnibus  fuerit;"  M.  viii.  10,  "Thrasyllus — uno  potiundi  studio  post- 
ponens  omnia;"  vi.  15,  "Quare  paulo  facilior  adeundi  fuit  copia;"  vii. 
26,  "Si  loquendi  copia  suppeditaret ; "  v.  26,  "fruendi  laborarem  inopia;" 
Apol.  102  (Oud.,  p.  601),  "ministrate  vel  tantulam  verisimilem  occasionem 
secundum  vos  pronuntiandi ; "  M.  iii.  2,  "miro  tamen  omnes  studio  visendi 
pericula  negligebant ; "  iii.  3,  "Ad  dicendi  spatium;"  Apol.  II  (Oud.,  p. 
380),  "Ita  totiens  ab  accusandi  periculo  profugus  in  assistendi  venia 
perseveravit;"  56  (Oud.,  p.  519),  "adorandi  gratia  manum  labris  admo- 
vere;"  De  dog.  Plat.  ii.  8,  "alia  vero  adulandi  scientia  est;"  1.2,  "amore 
studendi." 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  list  that  several  of  the  words  used  by  Plaut. 
in  this  construction  are  similarly  employed  by  Apul.  It  may  be  noted  that 
the  word  tempus  is  not  used  by  Apul.  with  the  gerund,  but  with  the  infini- 
tive, e.  g.,  Apol.  (Oud.,  p.  537),  "nunc  tempus  est  ad  epistolas  Pruden- 
tillae  praeverti." 

ih)  With  modifying  or  dependent  words:  M.  iii.  7,  "quod  mihi  nee 
adsistendi  solatium  perhibuit;"  iv.  34,  "Sed  monitis  caelestibus  parendi 
necessitas;"  De  dog.  Plat.  ii.  2,  "Appetitus  et  agendi  aliquid  cupido;" 
M.  i.  17,  "Studio  rapiendi"  aliquid." 

(c)  Several  cases  occur  of  the  gerund  depending  on  an  adjec:  M.  ii. 
I.  "Cupidus  cognoscendi  quae  rara  miraque  sunt;"  apol.  102  (Oud.,  p. 
601),  "sed  alium  iudicem  substituite,  cupidum  condemnandi;"  Apol. 
(Oud.,  p.  451),  "magiam — artem  Diis  acceptam,  colendi  eos  ac  venerandi 
pergnaram;"    p.  588,  "vir  bonus  dicendi  peritus." 

III.  Gerund  used  with  a  preposition:  (a)  With  ad.  This  is  the  most 
frequent  of  the  prepositions  and  the  construction  is  common.  M.  iii.  28, 
"uno  de  sociis  ad  speculandum  relicto;"  iv.  3,  "canes — ad  compugnan- 
dum  idoneos;"  iv.  4,  "ad  ingrediundum  exsurgere;"  iv.  9,  "faciliores  ad 
expugnandum ; "  vi.  25,  "ad  exsurgendum  compellunt." 

{b)  With  a;  Apol.  71  (Oud.,p.544),"suasponte  anubendononalienam." 
(c)  With  in:  Apol.  53  (Oud.,  p.  512),  "non  est  in  accusando  versutia;" 

For.  i.  No.  3,  "Prmus  Hyaginus  in  canendo  manus  discapedinavit ; " 

De.  dog.  Plat.  i.  2,  "acre  in  percipiendo  ingenium." 


64        THE   PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,   AND   APULEIUS 

IV.  Dat.  (  f  g  rund:  M.  vii.  2,  "cum  primum  Charite  nubendo  maturu- 
isset;"  i.  2,  "parce  tamque  inania  mentiendo." 

V,  Abl.  of  the  gerund  without  a  preposition  denoting  manner  or  means, 
(a)  used  absolu  ely  without  modifiers:  M.  i.  13,  "giabatulus  etiam  succus- 
sus  super  dorsum  meum  palpitan:!o  saltaret;"  iv.  3,  "me  caedendo  con- 
fecissent  profecto,  n!si  ....;"  vi.  15,  "aquas  istas  Stygias  vel  fando 
comperisti?"  Same  word  in  Apol.  ix.  (Oud.,  p.  564),  "fando  audiv't; 
Apol.  42;  Apol.  81,  "multa  fando,  maxime,  audisti,  etiam  plura  legendo 
didicisti,  non  pauca  experiendo  comperisti;"  M.  vi.  19,  "nil  mali  potest 
f  cere  frustra  territando;"  vii.  27,  "ventrem  esitando  distendit;"  viii. 
7,  "amorem  suum  perperam  delectando  nutrire." 

{h)  With  adverbial  modifiers:  Flor.  I,  No.  7,  "disci;:linam  regalem 
tam  ad  bene  dicendum  quam  ad  bene  vivendum  repertam,  male  dicendo 
et  simi  iter  vivendo  contaminarent." 

(c)  With  an  object  accus. :  M.  ix.  35,  "hostili  modo  tenuis  incursabat 
pauperiem,  pecua  trucitando,  boves  abigendo,  fruges  adhuc  immaturas 
obterendo;"  x.  23,  "partim  mercedes  amplissimas  acceptando,  partim 
novum  spectaculum  domino  praeparando ; "  Flor.  I.  No.  7,  "Alexandri 
multa  sublimia  facinora  et  praeclara  edita  fatigaberis  admirando;"  De 
dog.  Plat.  III.  I,  "(ars)  voluptatem  afferendi,  metum  incutiendi;"  M. 
vii.  22,  "Talibus  mendaciis  admiscendo  sermones  alios."  With  accus. 
and  infin.,  Apol.  80  (Oud.,  p.  562),  "nam  ut  absurde  facit  qui  tacere  se 
dicit,  quod  ibidem  dicendo  tacere  sese  non  tacet." 

GERUNDIVE 

I.  Nom.  of  the  gerundive,  expressing  various  shades  of  necessity,  duty, 
and  the  like.  This  use  is  naturally  very  frequent.  M.  ii.  18,  "ergo  igitur 
Fotis  erat  adeunda  deque  nutu  eius  consilium  velut  auspicium  petendum;" 
ii.  20,  "sed  ferenda  non  est  quorundam  insolentia;"  iii.  8,  "Prohinc  tor- 
mentis  Veritas  eruenda;"  v.  16,  "quam  primum  exterminanda  est  {sc. 
Psyche);  vii.  3,  "cuiusque  casus  etiam  quovis  iniquissimo  dolendus  atque 
miserandus  merito  videretur."  In  the  last  example  it  will  be  noticed  that 
the  gerundive  approaches  closely  to  the  force  of  a  simple  adjec.  Examples 
of  pure  adjectival  force  will  be  given  in  another  section.  Nearly  similar 
force  in  De  deo.  Soc.  17  (Oud.,  p.  157),  "cuncta  quae  arcenda  sunt,  arcuit, 
quae  cavenda  sunt  praecavit." 

(a)  The  accus.  subj.  of  the  infinitive,  as  we  have  observed,  is  generally 
used  with  the  gerundive  without  esse:  i.  26,  "quod  viae  vexationem 
non  cibo  sed  somno  censerem  diluendam;"  ii.  5,  "Haec  tibi  trepido  et 
cavenda  censeo." 


0 
GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  65 

Sometimes  even  the  principal  verb  must  be  supplied,  e.  g.,  M.  ii.  29, 
"Populus  aestuat  divcrsa  tendentes.  Hi  pessimam  feminam  viventem 
statim  cum  corpore  mariti  sepeliendam;  alii  mendacio  cadaveris  fidem 
non  habendam." 

II.  Gen.  of  the  gerundive  agreeing  with  a  noun  or  pronoun,  exi:>ressed 
or  understood,  and  dependent  upon  another  substantive:  M.  iii.  19,  "sum 
namque  coram  magiae  noscendae  ardentissimus  cupitor;"  vii.  6,  "sed 
rei  noscendae  carpo  ordinem;"  iv.  11,  "Tunc  nos  in  ancipiti  periculo  con- 
stituti  vel  opprimendi  nostri  vel  deserendi  socii;"  v.  31,  "non  dicendi 
filii  mei  facta;"  Apol.  1,  "quod  mihi  copia  et  facultas,  te  iudice,  obtigit 
purgandae  apud  imperitos  philosophiae  et  probandi  mei;"  M.  viii.  7, 
"studium  contrectandae  mulieris." 

III.  Dat.  of  the  gerundive  used  as  a  final  clause  after  verbal  or  adjectival 
expression:  M.  i.  7,  "lacinias  quas  boni  latrones  contegendo  mihi  concess- 
erant;"  ii.  3i,"atque  utinam  aliquid  de  proprio  lepore  laetificum  honorando 
deo  comminiscaris;"  iii.  14,  "lorus  iste,  quem  tibi  verberandae  destinasti;" 
iv.  10,  "clavi  immittendae  foramen  patebat;"  vii.  17,  "Delegor  enim 
ligno  monte  devehundo;"  xi.  25,  "At  ego  referendis  laudibus  tuis  exilis 
ingenio  et  adhibendis  sacrifices  tenuis  patrimonio." 

IV.  Gerundive  used  in  a  passive  sense  in  the  predicate,  after  certain 
verbs  to  denote  the  object  of  their  action:  M.  iv.  11,  "corpus — ^mari  celan- 
dum  commisimus;"  iv.  12,  "prius  maluit  rerum  singula  per  latiorem 
fenestram  forinsecus  nobis  scilicet  rapienda  dispergere;"  v.  8,  "eas  Zephyro 
tradit  reportandas ; "  vii.  16,  "qui  miseros  hospites  ferinis  equis  suis 
lacerandos  devorandosque  porrigebat;"  xi.  23,  "ea  ....  coemenda 
procuro." 

V.  Gerundive  and  substantive  used  with  prepositions,  (o)  With  ad: 
M.  iv.  3,  "ad  me  laniandum  rabie  perciti  ferrent  impetum;"  iii.  16,  "nocti- 
que  ad  exercendas  illecebras  magiae  cessisset;"  vii.  5,  "alios  ad  supplen- 
dum  numerum  vestigari  statuunt." 

(6)  With  in:  De  deo.  Soc.  16,  "in  vita  agenda;"  Apol.  (Oud.,  p.  575), 
"Lex  lulia  de  maritandis  ordinibus." 

(c)  With  a:  M.  vii.  7,  "non  interdum  manus  Charites  a  pulsandis 
uberibus  amovere." 

VI.  Abl.  of  the  gerundive  and  substantive  used  after  verbs,  verbal 
phrases,  and  adjecs. :  M.  ii.  12,  "arcana  fatorum  stipibus  emerendis  edicit 
in  vulgus." 

VII.  Apul.  uses  the  gerundive  with  the  force  of  a  simple  adjec.  with 
many  words  not  so  used  by  previous  writers.  In  some  cases  the  gerundive 
retains  a  little  of  its  verbal  force  and  serves  as  a  connecting  link  between 


66        THE  PARTICIPLE   IN   PLAUTUS,    PETRONIUS,    AND   APULEIUS 

the  verbal  adjec.  and  the  pure  adjec.  without  verbal  force.  As  examples  of 
the  first  class  may  be  cited  the  following:  M.  vii.  5,  "producit  immanem 
quemdam  iuvenem — nescio  an  ulli  praesentium  comparandum ; "  vi.  13, 
"nee  auscultatu  poenitendo''  diligenter  instructa."  So  perhaps  v.  31, 
"non  dicendi  filii  facta"  might  be  translated  "the  deeds  of  my  unmen- 
tionable son." 

As  examples  of  the  pure  adjectival  force  are  the  following:  M.  ii.  12, 
" historiam  magnam  et  incredundam  fabulam;"  vi.  2,  " Psyche miseranda;" 
v.  24,  "Psyche — sublimis  evectionis  appendix  miseranda;"  iii.  15,  "scies 
herae  meae  miranda  secreta;"  v.  21,  "Aestu  pelagi  similiter  maerendo 
fluctuat;"  vii.  13,  "nowmique  et  hercules  memorandum  spectamen." 
Cf.  Plaut.  Epid.  446,  "pugnis  memorandis  meis."  The  word  is  so  used 
in  poetry  and  post-class,  prose. 

STATISTICS  OF  THE  GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE  IN 
APULEIUS 

I.   Metamorphosen 

GERtFND 

I.     Gen.  case  dependent  on  a  substantive  and  used  without  an  object    .      .  14 

Gen.  case  dependent  on  a  substantive  and  used  transitively     ...  3 

Gen.  case  dependent  on  an  adjective  {M.  xi.  2i,"sedulum  colendi")  .  i 

II.     Gerund  with  prepositions,  with  ad 5 

with  causa i 

III.  Dat.  case 2 

IV.  Abl.  case,  (a)  used  without  object 4 

(b)  used  with  object 17 

Total        46 

GERUNDrVES 

I.     Gen.  case  agreeing  with  noun  and  depending  on  another  substantive  17 

Gen.  case  agreeing  with  noun  and  depending  on  an  adjective       .      .  2 

II.     Dat.case ....  21 

III.     Accus.  case  used  in  passive  sense  in  the  predicate 13 

rV.     Gerundive  and  substantive  used  with  a  preposition: 

with  ad 23 

with  propter  (M.  x.  i)        .  i 

with  a I 

J  Van  d.  Uliet  reads  impoenitendo.  This  word  and  incredendam,  of  M.  ii.  12,  are 
not  strictly  gerundives  inasmuch  as  there  is  no  verb  with  the  negative  particle;  but  they 
serve  as  examples  of  a  large  class  of  words  formed  in  a  similar  manner  and  retaining 
some  verbal  force. 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  67 

V.  Gerundive  used  as  adjec 27 

VI.  Nom.  case  qualifying  the  subject 2 

VII.  Abl.  case       . _6 

Total 103 

The  gerundive  in  the  infinitive  without  esse  occurs  16  times,  with  esse  once. 

II.   Other  Works  of  Apuleius 

GERUND 

I.     Gen.  case  depending  on  another  substantive  and  used  without  an 

object 90 

Gen.  case  depending  on  another  substantive  and  used  transitively  .  14 

Gen.  case  depending  on  an  adjec 3 

II.     Gerund  with  prepositions  :with  ad 34 

with  a 2 

with  in 4 

with  causa 2 

with  gratia 2 

III.     Dat.  case o 

rV.     Abl.  case 22 

Total 173 

Gerundives 

I.     Gen.  case  depending  on  another  substantive 15 

II.  Dat.  case 9 

III.  Accus.  case  used  in  passive  sense  in  the  predicate 15 

IV.  Gerundive  and  substantive  used  with  a  preposition :  with  ad  .  41 

with  gratia  .  3 

with  in  .  17 

with  de  .      .      .  I 

V.     Used  as  adjec 15 

VI.  Nom.  case  qualifying  the  subject 11 

VII.    Abl.  case ^ 14 

Total 141 

The  words  in  -bundus  used  by  Apul.  are:  auxiliabundns,  bacchabundus, 
certabundus,  cunctabundus ,  excusabundus,  errabundus,  juribundus,  gaudibundus, 
osculabundus,  periclitabundus,  nmrmurabundus,  munerabundus,  moribimdus, 
mirabundus,  nutabundus,  rimabundus,  imaginabundus:   Total,  17. 


INDEX 


Abl.  abs.,  39;  pres.  part.  Plaut.,  40, 
Petron.,  41;  Apul.,  43;  Perf.  part., 
Plaut.,  45 ;   Petron.,  46;   Apul.,  48. 

Amer.  J.  0/  Phil.,  54,  55. 

Bennett,  Lot.  Gram.,  41. 

Bombe,  on  abl.  abs.,  40,  41. 

Brenous,  on  Grecisms,  32,  38. 

Brix  on  Capt.,  vs.  852,  57. 

Brugmann,  on  perf.  part.,  i,  2,  5,  20,  21; 
on  gerund,  54. 

Biicheler,  edition  of  Petron.,  42. 

-bundus,  words  in,  36,  67. 

Caes.,  I,  19   32. 

Catull.,  38. 

Causative  verbs,  7,  12,  20,  23,  27. 

Cic,  I,  6,  19,  20,  21,  32,  47,  57. 

Conway,  on  gerund,  54. 

Delbriick,  on  abl.  abs.,  39. 
Diez,  on  gerund,  58. 
Drager,  perf.  part.,  i,  13,  21;    fut.  part., 
32;    abl.  abs.,  40,  44,  45,  46;    gerund, 

54,  55,  56,  58,  59- 

Ebrard,  45,   57. 

Fut.  act.  part.,  Plaut.,  34;  Petron.,  34; 
Apul.,  35. 

Gerund  and  gerundive;  origin,  54;  Plaut., 
55;  Petron.,  60;  Apul.,  62;  statistics 
Plaut.  and  Ten,  60;  Petron.,  62;  Apul., 
66. 

Gildersleeve,  Lat.  Gram.,  33,  39,  41,  59. 

Haacke,  Lat.  Stilistik,    20. 
Hoffman,  on  abl.  abs.,  39. 
Hoppe,  on  fut.  part.,  32. 
Holtze,  on  gerund,  54. 
Hor.  6,  21. 

Infinitive  with  esse,  6,  18,  ^^,  35,  37. 

Koziol,  on  Apul.,  20. 
Kretschman,  on  Apul.,  36. 
Kritz  on  Capt.,  vs.  852,  56. 
Kiihner,  Lat.  Gram.,  perf.  part.,  i;    fut. 
part.,  ^^,  34;    abl.  abs.  39,  43;  gerund, 

55,  59- 

Landgraf,  on  fut.  part.,  32. 
Lane,  Lat.  Gram.,  i,  33,  39,  47,  59. 


Lindsay,  36,  55. 

Liv.,  I,  5,  21,  26,  32,  34,  38. 

Madvig,   Lat.    Gram.,   39;    on   Cic,   de 

fi";  57- 
Miiller,  Handbuch,  i,  34,  38. 
Miiller,  C.  F.  W.,  on  gerund,  57. 

Oportet  with  perf.  part.,  6,  12,  18. 

Opus  and  usus  with  part.,  7,  8,  13,  27. 

Oudendorp,  ed.  of  Apul.,  13. 

Perf.  part,  pass.,  i;  Plaut.,  2;  Petron., 
8;  Apul.,  13;  as  adjec,  4,  12,  20;  as 
noun,  5,  12,  20;  with  habeo,  teneo,  etc., 
7,  12,  18. 

Pres.  part.,  21;  Plaut.,  21;  Petron.,  24; 
Apul.,  28;  used  predicatively,  23,  27, 
30;  with  causative  verbs,  23,  27;  as 
adjec,  24,  27,  30;   as  noun,  24,  27,31. 

Percentages  of  parts.,  introd. 

Platner,  S.  B.,  on  gerund,  54. 

Postgate,  35,  38. 

Roby,  Lat.  Gram.,  39,  45,  59. 

Ronsch,  Ital.  u.  Vulg.,  6,  58. 

Roth,  on  tense  confusion,  6. 

Sail.,  31,  34. 

Schmalz,  i,  32,  38. 

sermo-plebeius,  introd.,  5,  6. 

Segebade  and  Lommatzsch,  Lex.  Petron., 

42. 
Sittl.,  6. 

Smith,  T.  Horton,  on  gerunds,  54. 
Sonnenschein,  on  Plaut.  Rud.,  33. 
Stallbaum  on  Capt.  vs.  852,  56. 

Tac,  2,  13,  2,3,  34,  35>  4i,  54,  58- 
Tammelin,  i,  2,  5,  6,  7,  21,  23,  40,  41. 
Ter.,  I,  5,  13,  32.  54,  56,  60. 

Van  d.  UHet,  edition  of  Apul.,  14,  17, 
44,  66. 

Virg.,  introd.,  32,  38. 
Wickham  on  Hor.,  6. 
Wishing,  verbs  of,  5,  12,  18. 
Weissenborn,  on  gerund,  54. 
Weisweiler,  on  gerund,  55. 

Ziemer,    6,    57. 
Zumpt,    6. 


69 


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